Failure of security co‐operation in SADC: The suspension of the organ for politics,defence and security

Political opposition parties are considered crucial to the nurturing, enhancing and consolidating of democracy in every political system. Indeed, their existence is proof of political tolerance, competitive party elections, the provision of choices to the voting public and the possibility of alternation in power. However, the political opposition on the African continent is generally weak, and particularly so in Botswana, resulting in the predominance of the ruling party in political affairs. This article analyses the weaknesses of Botswana's opposition parties by tracing their historical evolution, characteristics, electoral base, and performance against the background of the political and electoral system in Botswana and the strength of the ruling party itself. It concludes that future prospects for the opposition to make greater inroads into the Botswana Democratic Party's support are small because of the fragmented nature of the opposition itself and the relative satisfaction of citizens with the current government's performance.     

Immigration to Portugal

Abstract

A peripheral West European country with a medium-sized population, Portugal experienced since the late 1990s a radical change in its migration trends, with growing and constant immigration flows. Not only the number of legal immigrants duplicated, but also the profile of immigrants changed and diversified. As a result, Portugal's public policies were challenged, and new social questions emerged. In particular, both public and private bodies have to deal with an increasing segmentation of the composition of immigration and of the labor market employing immigrants. Portugal still has not opted clearly for a model of immigration, and adaptation to these changes promises not to be easy, especially because the Portuguese society is simultaneously facing tensions deriving from its own     

Authoritarian legacies,transitional justice and state crisis in Portugal's democratization

The nature of the Portuguese transition to democracy and the consequent state crises created a ‘window of opportunity’ in which the ‘reaction to the past’ was much stronger in Portugal than in the other Southern European transitions. The transition's powerful dynamic in itself served to constitute a legacy for the consolidation of democracy. This article analyses how the nature of the transition affected the legacy of authoritarianism superseding and transmuting that regime's impact on the ‘quality’ of Portugal's democracy, and illustrating how the majority of ‘authoritarian legacies’ were more a result of the nature of the transition than they were of the authoritarian regime.     

人外周血白细胞端粒DNA长度与年龄的定量关系

目的探讨人外周血白细胞端粒DNA长度变化规律及其与年龄的关系,为法医学推断年龄提供理论依据。方法抽取西藏那曲地区0~81岁健康人外周血样本105例,其中男性53例,女性52例,采用Southern杂交法检测其端粒限制性片断平均长度。各年龄组性别差异作t检验,端粒长度与年龄的关系作相关及回归分析。结果人外周血白细胞端粒长度随年龄增长逐渐缩短,且存在性别差异;得到推断年龄回归方程:Y=-16.539X+236.287±9.832。结论人外周血白细胞端粒DNA长度与年龄存在明显相关性,为法医学在分子水平上推断个体年龄提供了可能。     

Democracy in Latin America: Issues of Governance in the Southern Cone

This article explores academic debates on transitions and democratic development, and outlines ideas relating to the governance issues considered by the papers in this special section. It presents a discussion of recent debates on democracy and transition in Latin America and concludes on the need to conceptualise the state in the region after the return to democracy. In so doing, it analyses issues of governance and highlights the role of the political class in building a democratic state.     

对陕南移民搬迁工作规范化建设的思考

陕西省委、省政府提出,用10年时间对陕南三市居住在深山半坡和地质灾害点上的60万户,240万群众实施移民搬迁,这是解决陕南恶劣环境地区群众居住安全和生存发展的重大民生工程。要达到"搬得出、稳定住、能致富"的目标,就必须大力推进搬迁工作的规范化建设。笔者认为,应在搬迁工作制度化、规划选址科学化、工程建设规范化、搬迁安置项目化、资金筹集多元化、安置政策优惠化、社区组建新型化、移民致富产业化等八个方面进一步推进移民搬迁工作规范化建设。     

The idea of a Southern Criminology

Southern Criminology is a theoretical perspective that shifts the focus from the state criminal justice process to global inequalities, transnational crime, and postcolonial politics. While recognising the importance of this shift in perspective for a globalising world, this paper asks two difficult questions. Firstly, how easy is it to generalise about whole regions of the world in advancing a political viewpoint? Secondly, is it possible for those in the West to imagine an alternative global criminology, if non-Western societies really do have different cultural values and epistemologies? For example, how should we respond to traditional practices among Indigenous Australians or a Confucian understanding of crime? These questions may make a Southern Criminology sound impossible in the same way as other varieties of critical theory. But this paper is intended to strengthen this emerging movement by acknowledging, and working through, potential difficulties.     

县域经济发展中的山东模式：特征、比较与对策

从全国来看，山东的县域经济发展成效显著、特色鲜明、典型突出。山东县域经济发展的模式特征可以归结为：政府主导、地区竞争、三产衔接、做大县城、自主创新、外贸外向。这些方面与县域经济发展中的“南方模式”存在显著区别。“山东模式”在其地理区域性、特色性、影响力等方面有可能成为代表北方县域经济发展的主要模式而与“南方模式”相较一长或各领风骚。     

东晋南朝人口迁移及其影响述论

东晋南朝时期 ,人口迁移的规模之大、范围之广、历时之久 ,超过以前任何一个历史时期。大量人口迁入东晋南朝境内 ,产生了多方面的重要影响 :首先 ,从实质上讲 ,东晋南朝特别是其中的东晋、宋、齐、梁 ,是移民政权 ;其次 ,丰富了南方文化的内涵 ,提升了南方文化的层次 ;再次 ,促进了区域经济的开发