Party,Regional and Linguistic Proportionality Under Majoritarian Rules: Swiss Federal Council Elections

The elections to the Swiss Federal Council in December 2015 re‐established a system of party‐centred concordance, cherished in consociational theory, consisting of two representatives of the Swiss People's Party, two Radicals, two Social Democrats and one Christian Democrat. At the same time, the government has rarely been as unbalanced in terms of the representation of Switzerland's languages and regions. The article analyses the concept of concordance with regard to both aspects of governmental inclusiveness. It also highlights the crucial role of electoral rules used in governmental elections. It argues that they resemble the Alternative Vote, a majoritarian electoral system that has been criticized in consociational theory but prescribed by the rival, centripetalist approach to power sharing.     

瑞士卓越青年学术研究人才培育策略与启示

近年来,瑞士政府采取多种有效策略培育国家卓越青年学术研究人才,其学术研究人才资源及成果产出诸多指标均居世界领先地位。借鉴瑞士的做法及成功经验,我国在实施人才战略过程中,应努力消除体制机制壁垒解决高层次青年学术研究人才性别失衡问题,实施卓越导向的质量评价机制解决杰出青年学术研究人才培育难题,加强协同创新解决学术研究人员成果产出竞争力不足难题。     

Scheduling of new psychoactive substance the Swiss way: A review and critical analysis

Since the introduction of the European Early Warning System in 2005, >700 new psychoactive substances (NPS) have been listed. This review article presents for the first time the Swiss narcotic law in perspective of scheduling of NPS, and compares it to the regulations of the German speaking neighbours Austria and Germany.The Swiss way is a fast and effective way for scheduling NPS, with the purpose to restrict drug trafficking and for controlling the NPS drug market: the legal basis for scheduling substances of abuse is the “Law about narcotics and psychotropic substances” (BetmG, SR 812.121), which includes the “narcotic law directory (BetmVV-EDI, SR 812.121.11) suitable for listing all controlled substances. The BetmVV-EDI, SR 812.121.11 contains seven indices, with index e specifically designed for the fast scheduling of NPS. Newly appearing NPS can either be controlled under a structure analogues definition or by listing single substances. The list of single substances is updated at least once per year, and structure analogues definitions can be implemented, in order to keep track with new developments on the NPS market. The latest version from November 30th 2018 contains ten different structure analogue definitions and 207 single substances. Requirements to list NPS are their appearance on the NPS market, suspected psychotropic effects and their suggestions by Forensic professionals. As soon as substances are newly placed, on Schedule I of the 1961 Convention or Schedule II of the 1971 Convention by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs of the World Health Organization they can easily be transferred from index e to index a-d of the BetmVV-EDI, SR 812.121.11. The Austrian law uses a structure analogue and single substances approach (introduced in 2012, one update in 2016), whereas the German NPS law (established in 2016, no update yet) only lists two structure-analogue-definitions. All three legislations have defined which core structures, kinds and sites of substitutions are regulated.     

瑞士“绿色山地经济模式”对贵州发展的启示

瑞士地处欧洲内陆,历史上是个资源贫瘠、较为落后的农牧业国家。在自然地理条件与产业发展条件上,现阶段的贵州和历史上的瑞士有着很大的相似性,从自然地理特征和第一、二、三产业发展条件来看,瑞士和贵州在发展第一、二产业上有一定劣势,在发展第三产业上略有优势,“后发赶超”一直是二者经济社会发展的主题。瑞士“绿色山地经济模式”的成功经验是：准确选择主导产业、积极构筑中小企业的产业集群、注重科技创新与人力资源开发、坚持生态环境与经济发展的综合平衡。“绿色赶超”是瑞士克服地理区位、资源禀赋等经济发展劣势,发展成世界上环境最优美、生活最富裕国家的重要路径;瑞士模式对贵州“绿色赶超”有着重大而深刻的启示。     

Intolerance Toward Immigrants in Switzerland: Diminished Threat Through Social Contacts?

Intolerance toward immigrants has recently reached noticeable highs in Switzerland. Referring to the conflict theory, the perception of a specific group as a threat tends to lead to intolerance toward that group. The expectation of a negative relationship between threat and tolerance is nevertheless not assumed to be universally valid for all members of society. In particular, the contact theory assumes that intercultural encounters should promote positive attitudes toward culturally different individuals and groups. Using a new and unique data set, our Heckman selection models reveal that Swiss who view rising immigration to mean a loss of economic privileges and an erosion of Swiss cultural values are less tolerant toward immigrants. Moreover, our results indicate that contact with immigrants may moderate this effect. However, not all group settings are able to reduce the perceived threats in a similar way, and not all sorts of social contact are able to foster tolerance toward immigrants.