Amazonian peasant livelihood differentiation as mutuality-market dialectics

ABSTRACT

Economistic approaches to the study of peasant livelihoods have considerable academic and policy influence, yet, we argue, perpetuate a partial misunderstanding – often reducing peasant livelihood to the management of capital assets by rational actors. In this paper, we propose to revitalize the original heterodox spirit of the sustainable livelihoods framework by drawing on Stephen Gudeman’s work on the dialectic between use values and mutuality on the one hand, and exchange values and the market on the other. We use this approach to examine how historically divergent mutuality-market dialectics in different Amazonian regions have shaped greater prominence of either extractivism or agriculture in current livelihoods. We conclude that an approach centered on the mutuality-market dialectic is of considerable utility in revealing the role of economic histories in shaping differential peasant livelihoods in tropical forests. More generally, it has considerable potential to contribute to a much-needed re-pluralization of approaches to livelihood in academia and policy.     

民族地区山林权纠纷治理的法治进路——基于广西N县的实证分析

随着山林地及林产品的大幅升值,民族地区群众因争夺山林地爆发冲突的情况不断增多。通过对广西N县山林纠纷的考察,山林权纠纷产生有着历史、宗族、经济方面的原因,且在纠纷治理上存在着调处队伍建设滞后、司法解决不被群众认可、存在外部干预及群众法律意识不强等问题。作为治理方案,应加快构建山林纠纷长效调处工作机制、加大调处力度,重视民族习惯法运用,加大法制宣传力度等多种方式,将民族地区山林纠纷治理纳入法治轨道,构筑法治化的纠纷治理解决机制。     

A novel multiplex assay system based on 10 methylation markers for forensic identification of body fluids

Identifying the source of body fluids found at a crime scene is an essential forensic step. Some methods based on DNA methylation played significant role in body fluids identification. Since DNA methylation is related to multiple factors, such as race, age, and diseases, it is necessary to know the methylation profile of a given population. In this study, we tested 19 body fluid-specific methylation markers in a Chinese Han population. A novel multiplex assay system based on the selected markers with smaller variation in methylation and stronger tissue-specific methylation were developed for the identification of body fluids. The multiplex assay were tested in 265 body fluid samples. A random forest model was established to predict the tissue source based on the methylation data of the 10 markers. The multiplex assay was evaluated by testing the sensitivity, the mixtures, and old samples. For the result, the novel multiplex assay based on 10 selected methylation markers presented good methylation profiles in all tested samples. The random forest model worked extremely well in predicting the source of body fluids, with an accuracy of 100% and 97.5% in training data and test data, respectively. The multiplex assay could accurately predict the tissue source from 0.5 ng genomic DNA, six-months-old samples and distinguish the minor component from a mixture of two components. Our results indicated that the methylation multiplex assay and the random forest model could provide a convenient tool for forensic practitioners in body fluid identification.     

Some recent additions to the library

Richard Calland &; Paul Graham (Eds), IDASA's Democracy Index — Democracy in the Time of Mbeki, Cape Town: Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA), Cape Town, 2005, R150, 252 pages.

Pieter Wolvaardt, A Diplomat's Story: Apartheid and Beyond, 1969–1998, South Africa: Galago Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1–919854–15–0, R225, 336 pages.

Greg Mills, The Security Intersection: The Paradox of Power in an Age of Terror, Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2005, 321 pages.

Hugh Pope, Sons of the Conquerors. The Rise of the Turkic World, New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2005. ISBN 1–58567–641–1. 413 pages.     

藤山一雄和他笔下的“满洲森林”

甲午战争、日俄战争后,伴随着日本军国主义穷兵黩武国策的急剧膨胀,大批日本移民进入中国东北。尤其是1931年日本军国主义悍然发动侵略中国东北的“九一八”事变后,更是加剧了日本移民的涌入。至1945年日本战败为止,不包括军政人员,全东北已经有150余万的日本移民定居。就中作家近百人,他们绝大多数人站在殖民主义的立场上,记录了殖民主义者眼中的“满洲”风光,描摹了他们作为统治阶级一员对“满洲”新大陆的“美好憧憬”。藤山一雄可谓最典型的一个。     

集体林权制度改革后发展林下经济探析——以广西田林县为例

田林县是广西人均拥有林地面积最多的县,其中全县适宜发展林下经济面积达到106万亩,为林下经济发展提供了良好的空间优势。充分利用林下土地资源和林荫空间,在林下种植药材、花卉等经济作物和发展食用菌、养殖家禽等,将会大大提高林地综合经济效益;发展林下经济可以把单一林业引向复合林业。对于林农充分利用林地资源、培育经济新的增长点、实现林业的可持续发展有重要作用。     

中俄林业合作前景广阔

俄罗斯丰富的森林资源为中俄林业合作提供了可靠的资源保证。我国林区有一大批业务过硬的林业技术人员和过剩的劳动力资源。在森林采伐、木材加工、人造板生产、家具制造等方面有较丰富的经验，加之远东，西伯利亚地区与我们在地域上相邻，运输路途短，气候相宜，是俄方开发该地区森林资源较理想的合作伙伴。中俄合作开发西伯利亚与远东的森林资源，不仅有利于资源的合理利用，还能够给中俄双方合作者带来巨大的经济效益。     

论森林公安院校学生的环境道德教育

生态环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基础。森林公安是生态文明的守护者,承担着维护生态环境安全,维护生态文明的重要职责。森林公安院校的学生是未来的森林卫士,通过各种途径对他们进行环境道德教育尤为重要。     

The Western Australian Regional Forest Agreement: Economic Rationalism and the Normalisation of Political Closure

This article explores the constraints imposed by economic rationalism on environmental policy‐making in light of Western Australia's (WA) Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) experience. Data derived from interviews with WA RFA stakeholders shed light on their perceptions of the RFA process and its outcomes. The extent to which involvement of science and the public RFA management enabled is analysed. The findings point to a pervasive constrainedness of WA's RFA owing to a closing of the process by the administrative decision‐making structures. A dominant economic rationality is seen to have normalised and legitimised political closure, effectively excluding rationalities dissenting from an implicit economic orthodoxy. This article argues for the explication of invisible, economic constraints affecting environmental policy and for the public‐cum‐political negotiation of the points of closure within political processes.     

俄罗斯森林工业国际竞争力分析

俄森林面积居世界第一,拥有全球25%的森林储备。但从目前状况来看,俄森林工业在国内与其他工业部门相比没有竞争力,在国际上,同林业发达国家相比竞争力也比较弱。目前,提高森林工业国际竞争力已经成为俄罗斯政府与森工企业的重要努力方向。