Understanding participant perspectives: Q‐methodology in national forest management

Many policy practitioners and theorists have argued that value‐free, objective solutions to policy problems do not exist. While participant values and subjective viewpoints influence policy problems, empirically determining participant perspectives and preferences has been a daunting task. This paper demonstrates how Q‐methodology, a technique for systematically revealing subjective perspectives, can contribute to better problem identification and definition; estimation and specification of policy option; and selection, implementation, and evaluation of policies. Two case studies in national forest management are reviewed and demonstrate how Q‐methodology can (1) identify important internal and external constituencies, (2) define participant viewpoints and perceptions, (3) provide sharper insight into participant‐preferred management directions, (4) identify criteria that are important to participants, (5) explicitly outline areas of consensus and conflict, and (6) develop a common view toward the policy. © 1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.     

纠纷解决的社会结构与调解——基于剑河县林权纠纷的调解实践

文章借助美国学者布莱克的案件社会结构理论,侧重于从微观社会学角度分析调解所处的纠纷解决社会结构,通过对当地最为典型的林权纠纷各类型的性质、起因及结构要素不同组合方式进行剖析,展示出纠纷解决的社会结构对调解运行的深刻影响:纠纷当事人之间目前的熟识或面熟关系使纠纷趋于依据大量民风、民俗和伦理道德等地方性知识,运用调解方式解决;纠纷双方当事人之间的经济、社会、文化等方面的常规资本和个人性格、气质等非常规资本的分布、组合状况有力地制约着调解结果;一方或双方的支持者常常在调解中起着重要作用,有时会改变调解的走向,甚至决定着调解的成败。     

Overlapping International Regimes: The Case of the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF) between Climate Change and Biodiversity

A great number of organisations and actors are participating in a plethora of international and regional fora geared towards the forest issue. Are there inherent traits about how these fora interact that can increase understanding about why the forest issue seems largely to be at a standstill? In this article I focus on the final meeting of the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF-4) and examine the overlap with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the overlap with the Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC). How have the overlaps between these international fora been dealt with and why has one led to linkages while the other has not?

     

Marketization as political technology: unintended consequences of climate finance in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Climate finance involves the transfer of money from advanced economies into developing countries in order to contribute to carbon mitigation or climate adaptation efforts while simultaneously advancing poverty alleviation and sustainable development objectives. Dominant carbon mitigation efforts resemble what Michel Callon calls ‘civilizing markets’, a deliberate harnessing of formal markets to achieve social goals by engaging with multiple political constituencies in market design. This paper looks at carbon marketization in the Democratic Republic of Congo and finds that, despite inclusive planning, climate finance experts produce unintended consequences by assigning social and environmental goals separate strategies within a national portfolio of climate finance interventions. Resulting from the challenges of finding commensurate criteria for measuring market impacts in both social and environmental domains, this programmatic segregation obscures the interconnections between poverty, forest use and climate change in the Congo. Findings suggest a need to reconcile the design of environmental-focused markets with the difficult-to-measure embedded social benefits of informal natural resource economies.     

Engendering social and environmental safeguards in REDD+: lessons from feminist and development research

Drawing on feminist and development literature, this paper suggests several important lessons and considerations for building equitable approaches to REDD+. Specifically, we illustrate the conceptual and practical significance of women’s participation for achieving the goals of REDD+as well as the limits and opportunities for gendering participation in REDD+. We argue that the standing debates over how and in what context gender becomes instrumentalised, technicalised or institutionalised in development provide important cautionary tales for the implementation and reporting of REDD+safeguards. By doing so, this paper contributes to the growing literature on gender, development, natural resource management and REDD+.     

Forests lost and found in tropical Latin America: the woodland ‘green revolution’

Forest dynamics in the Latin American tropics now take directions that no one would have predicted a decade ago. Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has dropped by over 80 percent, a pattern mimicked elsewhere in Amazonia, and is down by more than a third in Central America. Forest resurgence – increasing forest cover in inhabited landscapes or abandoned lands – is also expanding. In Latin America, woodland cover is increasing, at least for now, more than it is being lost. These dramatic shifts suggest quite profound and rapid transformations of agrarian worlds, and imply that previous models of understanding small-farmer dynamics merit significant review centering less on field agriculture and more on emergent forest regimes, and in many ways a new, increasingly globalized economic and policy landscape that emphasizes woodlands.

This paper analyzes changing deforestation drivers and the implications of forest recovery and wooded landscapes emerging through social pressure, social policy, new government agencies, governance, institutions, ideologies, markets, migration and ‘neo-liberalization’ of nature. These changes include an expanded, but still constrained, arena for new social movements and civil society. These point to significant structural changes, changes in tropical natures, and require reframing of the ‘peasant question’ and the functions of rurality in the twenty-first century in light of forest dynamics.     

对我国森林公安民警实战技能训练的思考

警务实战技能训练是森林公安民警教育训练的重要组成部分,是培养和提高森林公安队伍战斗力的重要手段,为此必须针对目前森林公安民警实战技能训练中存在的问题,加强对实战技能训练的目标定位、训练理念、训练内容以及考核方式等方面的研究,有效地改进和规范实战技能训练活动,使之在森林公安队伍建设中发挥出特殊的作用。     

东北亚区域森林资源状况与区域木材供求前景分析

目前,东北亚区域森林资源十分丰富。该区域的森林资源主要集中在俄罗斯远东西伯利亚地区,中国东北地区、日本、韩国、朝鲜和蒙古等国家和地区的森林蓄积量也很大。区域内各国和地区对森林资源需求旺盛,特别是中、日、韩3国已经是世界上重要的木材消费大国和进口大国。随着经济的发展与环保压力的增加,该区域森林资源利用方面在未来将呈现旺盛的发展势头,中国和俄罗斯在未来的东北亚区域森林资源合作开发中应发挥重要作用。     

论招录培养体制改革后的森林公安职业教育

政法院校招录培养体制改革后,森林公安职业教育要构建与之相适应的新的教学模式。应设立特色课程,强化专业性教育;加强程序训练,强化规范性教育;利用高科技手段,强化实用性教育;丰富实战案例,强化开发性和综合性教育。着重培养学员良好的体能和心理素质,告知学员拟工作区的山形、地势、民情,教会学员正确使用地图、进行现场位置标识等。