Ideological Reorientation and Counterterrorism: Confronting Militant Islam in Egypt

During the 1990s, Egypt fought a bitter campaign against militant Islamist groups in which over a thousand people died. Since the end of the insurgency in 1997, Egypt's two fiercest Islamic terrorist groups, first the Islamic Group (Al-Gama‘a Al-Islamiyya) and then Islamic Jihad, not only ceased their violent activities but also produced and published texts revising their religious beliefs on the use of violence. Based on the counterterrorism experience of Egypt, this paper defines and describes a counterterrorism strategy of ideological reorientation. We define ideological reorientation as a counterterrorism approach that seeks to change core ideological or religious beliefs of the terrorist group, thus bringing the beliefs of group members in line with societal norms. While we cannot causally attribute the groups' decisions to lay down arms to ideological reorientation versus other regime actions (like repression), the Egyptian experience is highly suggestive. First, it indicates that the ideology of religiously-based groups is not exogenous and fixed, as is often assumed, but rather endogenous and flexible. Second, the Egyptian experience suggests that ideological reorientation may be more effective at stemming militancy in the long run compared to rival approaches.     

青少年心理成长的社会环境因素分析

青少年期是童年向成年的过渡时期,是青少年个体确立同一性以及产生同一性混乱的重要时期,青少年在该阶段生理和心理都产生了巨大的变化,如何成功度过该阶段受社会环境的深刻影响。不同社会环境如家庭环境、学校环境、社会生活环境、同伴群体环境等对青少年心理有重要的影响,必须优化以上四项社会环境以对青少年心理产生正面的影响。     

Assessing the Democratic Debate: How the News Media Frame Elite Policy Discourse

This article examines the way in which the news media frame public policy issues and the extent to which other political players (e.g., interest groups, politicians) influence this issue framing process. Our analysis focuses on the issue of gun control, comparing the rhetoric generated by interest groups and public officials on the Brady Bill and Assault Weapons Ban with actual network news coverage of this legislation from 1988 to 1996. Results indicate that both sets of political players employed several interpretative issue frames and worked hard to put their preferred themes on the agenda. However, at times, the media intervened in the framing process, especially as the debate matured. Specifically, the news media (a) structured the overall tone of the gun control debate, (b) adopted a distribution of framing perspectives different from that of politicians and interest groups, and (c) packaged policy discourse more often than not in terms of the "culture of violence" theme. These findings point toward previously ignored media effects and attest to the potential role the media play in shaping public policy debates.     

Legitimación en las acciones colectivas

This paper analyses the standing in collective actions to enforce undefined and collective interests as well as homogeneous individual interests, according to the Brazilian legal doctrine and legislation. He treats the types of class actions, the standing to bring a suit and the adequate representation in the Latin American countries that have developed these matters: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay. Of Argentinean Law, the author examines the collective amparo contained in article 43 of the National Constitutional, and the environmental and consumer’s procedures. Of Brazilian Law, the author studies the actions to enforce undefined and collective interests and homogeneous individual interests, contained in the 1990 Consumer’s Defense Code. The Brazilian Law guidelines have influenced the Model Code of Collective Procedures for Iberoamerica and the Chilean and Mexican Laws. In Colombia the collective interests are enforced by popular actions, and the equivalent to the homogeneous individual interests are defended through group actions.     

团体心理辅导在基层部队心理工作中的应用

团体心理辅导是心理咨询的是一种方式,经过多年的实践,已在全国学校、社区和医院等人员相对集中的场所推广使用,近年来在部队心理工作中运用,取得了较好的效果。本文就团体心理辅导在基层部队中运用的优越性、具体操作方法、采取方式以及所产生的效果进行阐述,探讨团体心理辅导在基层部队心理工作中的应用。     

环境公益诉讼原告资格比较研究与借鉴——以美国、印度和欧盟为例

我国环境公益诉讼原告资格的研究和设定应当走出"美国中心主义"的窠臼,在一个更为宽广的视野中进行比较分析.作为环境公益诉讼制度发源地的美国,其原告资格采用"事实上的损害"标准,印度则采用"充分利益"标准,欧盟的环境公益诉讼制度建立虽晚,但其发展迅速,建立了纯粹的公益诉讼制度,即将原告资格赋予与案件没有利害关系的符合一定标准的环境保护团体.我国立法应当以环境行政公益诉讼为核心,将原告资格范围局限于环境非政府组织为宜.     

Preparation of a low-cost fingerprint powder that harnesses white light to emit long-lived phosphorescence

An inexpensive, commercially available doped strontium aluminate phosphor with long-lived afterglow has been prepared and assessed in the role of a luminescent fingerprint dusting powder. Blue, green, and aqua phosphorescence persisting for ca. 30 s was obtainable from treated fingermarks after charging the powders with the white light (400–700 nm) setting of a forensic light source. Imaging the phosphorescent afterglow enabled the elimination of background emissions encountered during latent fingermark examination. This was demonstrated by visualising fingermarks on substrates that possess inbuilt fluorescent security features and highly patterned substrate backgrounds, without any need for bespoke scientific equipment.