抗战时期陕甘宁边区的成人教育

抗战时期,陕甘宁边区在党中央和边区政府的领导下,在以学校教育为主要形式的国民教育得到迅速发展的同时,以社会教育、干部教育为主要形式的成人教育也取得了显著的成绩,不仅提高了边区广大民众和各级干部的文化水平和政治素质,而且也为边区和各抗日根据地培养和输送了大批各级各类干部。     

Building ‘healthy happy family units’: Aileen Fitzpatrick and reuniting children separated by the Greek Civil War with their families in Australia, 1949–1954

Abstract

This article explores the efforts by Aileen Fitzpatrick, the Australian social worker, who repatriated child refugees from Greece at the height of the Greek Civil War, to reconstruct ‘healthy, happy family units’. I explore several themes. First, Fitzpatrick’s argument for the unification of families echoed the view that the family unit represented democracy and freedom in the post-war period. Second, an appeal to reuniting family became a successful strategy for crossing cold war lines when dealing with several governments. Third, for Fitzpatrick child saving from war and reuniting families was perceived to be essential to democracy, humanitarianism and internationalism. Finally, by taking a biographical approach, the details of the experience of family emerge in new ways. A focus on Fitzpatrick’s strategies suggests family rhetoric could be used to both promote and yet also cross cold war lines. More broadly, this article seeks to embed the history of the family within the general history of the post-war period as a way of highlighting how the ideal of the family was mobilised in rhetoric on freedom, democracy and the future and which in practice revealed the severe challenges facing families after the war.     

从抗美援朝看毛泽东的高超政治智慧

上个世纪50年代爆发的抗美援朝战争,创造了现代世界战争史上以弱势兵力战胜强敌的典范,而这场战争的总设计师毛泽东无论在出兵决策、调兵遣将、战场指挥、还是在组织动员、停战谈判等一系列问题上均表现出了胜人一筹的高超政治智慧。     

入世与公民权利保障──兼论警检模式的重构

入世对我国公民的人权保障提出了更高的要求,而现行的警检模式不利于保障公民权利,不利于提高诉讼效率,不利于司法公正。因此必须对警察权、检察权重新定位,改革现行权力运行机制和监督机制,树立人权至上的观念,建立以当事人为主体、审判为中心、侦诉二元化的模式。     

Genetics and genomics of core short tandem repeat loci used in human identity testing

Over the past decade, the human identity testing community has settled on a set of core short tandem repeat (STR) loci that are widely used for DNA typing applications. A variety of commercial kits enable robust amplification of these core STR loci. A brief history is presented regarding the selection of core autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers. The physical location of each STR locus in the human genome is delineated and allele ranges and variants observed in human populations are summarized as are mutation rates observed from parentage testing. Internet resources for additional information on core STR loci are reviewed. Additional topics are also discussed, including potential linkage of STR loci to genetic disease-causing genes, probabilistic predictions of sample ethnicity, and desirable characteristics for additional STR loci that may be added in the future to the current core loci. These core STR loci, which form the basis for DNA databases worldwide, will continue to play an important role in forensic science for many years to come.     

Genetic structure among 38 populations from the United States based on 11 U.S. core Y chromosome STRs

A DNA database consisting of the 11 Y chromosome short-tandem-repeat (Y-STR) recommended by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods is constructed for 2517 individuals from 38 populations in the United States. The population samples derive from five ethnic groups currently living in 10 states. A multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot places the populations into four discrete clusters (African Americans (AA), European Americans (EA), Hispanic Americans (HA), and Asian Americans (SA)) and one dispersed cluster of Native Americans. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicates that a large proportion of the total genetic variance is partitioned among ethnic groups (24.8%), whereas only a small amount (1.5%) is found among-populations within ethnic groups. Separate AMOVA analyses within each ethnic group show that only the NA sample contains statistically significant among-population variation. Pair wise population differentiation tests do uncover heterogeneity among EA and among HA populations; however, this is due to only a single sample within each group. The analyses support the creation of AA, EA, HA, and Asian American databases in which samples from different geographic regions within the United States are pooled. We recommend that separate databases be constructed for different NA groups.     

Genetic analysis for Y chromosome short tandem repeat haplotypes of Chinese Han population residing in the Ningxia province of China

POPULATION: One hundred and one unrelated, autochthonous healthy males of the Chinese Han population living in Yongning county of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China.     

LOVING TO STRAIGHTEN OUT DEVELOPMENT: SEXUALITY AND ETHNODEVELOPMENT IN THE WORLD BANK'S ECUADORIAN LENDING

Gender staff in the World Bank -- the world's largest and most influential development institution -- have a policy problem. Having prioritised efforts to get women into paid employment as the ȁ8cure-allȁ9 for gender inequality they must deal with the work that women already do -- the unpaid labour of caring, socialisation, and human needs fulfilment. This article explores the most prominent policy solution enacted by the Bank to this tension between paid and unpaid work: the restructuring of normative heterosexuality to encourage a two-partner model of love and labour wherein women work more and men care better. Through a case study of Bank gender lending in Ecuador I argue that staff are trying to (re)forge normative arrangements of intimacy, a policy preference that remains invisible unless sexuality is taken seriously as a category of analysis in development studies. Specifically, I focus on four themes that emerge from the attempt to restructure heteronormativity in the loan: (1) the definition of good gender analysis as requiring complementary sharing and dichotomous sex; (2) the Bank's attempt to inculcate limited rationality in women such that they operate as better workers while retaining altruistic attachments to loved ones; (3) the Bank's attempt to inculcate better loving in men, such that they pick up the slack of caring labour when their (partially) rational wives move into productive work, and; (4) the invocation of a racialised hierarchy resting on the extent to which communities approximate ideals of sharing monogamous partnership. Aside from providing clear evidence that the world's largest development institution is involved in micro-processes of sexuality adjustment alongside macro-processes of economic restructuring, I also critique the Bank's sexualised policy interventions and suggest that they warrant contestation.     

“和平共处”外交思想的演变与中国外交

由于历史与现实、主观和客观等方面的原因,"和平共处"外交思想的运用无论是在"一边倒"体制下、社会主义国家之间, 还是着力推进"世界革命"之时,都存在着很大的局限。只有在改革开放后,我们才真正超越意识形态的差异,"和平共处"外交思想才 有了全方位的运用。与此同时,伴随着"和平共处"思想的发展,中国外交也日臻成熟与完善。     

试论抗战时期的"一国两制"--论国共合作的法制基础

本文主要回顾抗战时期国共两党两种法律制度共存的历史,总结"一国两制"法律制度形成的原因,探讨其主要内容,并对其进行思考,以纪念抗战胜利60周年.