Patriarchy,Abortion, and the Criminal System: Policing Female Bodies

This paper argues for a broader consideration of the issue of abortion—one that stresses the centrality of the denial of reproductive rights in the patriarchal policing of women’s bodies and their sexuality. Globally, the estimates of abortion-related deaths in 2014 ranged from 22,500 to 44,000, and countless women are injured or left infertile by seeking illegal abortions. We briefly review international trends regarding abortion politics and then analyze closely women’s access to abortion in two countries: the United States and Bangladesh. Representing two very different contexts of the developed and the developing world, respectively, we contend that abortion services are being constrained by misogynistic politics that deny women control over their bodies. Finally, the paper reviews recent international efforts to establish abortion rights as part of a broader landscape of human rights. Notably, while there are some efforts in the global north to recriminalize both contraception and abortion, these practices have been characterized by a recent United Nation’s report as the deliberate denial of medically available and necessary services and hence a form of “torture.”     

Euthanasia in the new born： doubts and interrogations

The debates on euthanasia are quite common nowadays, but few refer to euthanasia in newborns. But the day-to-day medical activities pose a lot of questions about the medical treatments of premature or newborn infants （with severe malformations which were not detected during pregnancy）. What is the criminal liability of the doctor in case of omission of treatment in newborns with severe birth defects？ The work will focus on an analysis of crimes of abortion, the omission of medical treatment and murder and injuries. At last I will try to identify the main trends to find a solution to the different situations-such as injury of the fetus in utero, the omission of treatment of newborns with severe malformations and the omission of basic health care of infants with minor malformations.     

Reproductive Health: Morals,Margins and Rights

Reproductive interventions and technologies have the capacity to generate profound societal unease and to provoke hostile reactions underpinned by various moral concerns. This paper shows that this position currently goes relatively unchecked by the European Court of Human Rights, which allows the margin of appreciation and consensus doctrines significantly to limit the scope of reproductive rights under the right to respect for private and family life under Article 8. This occurs both in relation to the interest in avoiding reproduction at stake in abortion, and that in achieving it at stake in medically assisted reproduction. The paper demonstrates significant flaws in the Court's framing and deployment of these doctrines in its reproductive jurisprudence. It argues that, as regards existing and upcoming reproductive interventions and technologies, the Court should attend to the concept of reproductive health, long recognised in international conventions and policy materials.     

中药序贯疗法联合克龄蒙治疗人工流产术致月经过少疗效观察

目的 观察中药序贯疗法联合克龄蒙治疗人工流产术后月经过少的临床疗效。方法 将60例人工流产术致月经过少患者随机分成对照组和治疗组,每组30例,治疗组给予中药序贯用药联合克龄蒙口服,对照组仅给予克龄蒙口服,疗程均为3个月经周期。观察两组患者治疗前后月经量和卵泡早期性激素［促卵泡激素（follicle stimulating hormone,FSH）、黄体生成素（luteotropic hormone,LH）、雌二醇（estradiol,E2）水平。结果 治疗组临床疗效明显优于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗组患者月经量增加程度明显高于对照组（P<0.05）;两组患者治疗后血清FSH水平较治疗前均明显下降（P<0.05）、E2水平均明显上升（P<0.05）,两组患者治疗前后FSH、E2差值比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 中药序贯疗法联合克龄蒙治疗能显著增加人工流产术致月经过少患者的月经量。     

300例先兆流产中医证候调查分析

目的 对先兆流产患者的中医证候进行调查分析。方法 查阅分析300份先兆流产病历,统计并分析其中医证型与病因、年龄、孕周的关系。结果 先兆流产的中医证型以肾虚型频率最高;不明原因所致先兆流产者以血热型为主,其他因素所致者则以肾虚型为主;肾虚类证型的平均发病年龄显著高于非肾虚类证型的平均发病年龄;孕4~9周是先兆流产的高发病期,且以肾虚型最多见。结论 肾虚是先兆流产的基本环节,在肾虚类证型中以肾虚型最多见,在非肾虚类证型中以血热型最多见;中医证型分布与发病原因、妊娠年龄及妊娠周数有一定的相关性。     

Poner la cuerpa: The Body as a Site of Reproductive Rights Activism in Peru

The issue of the body is central to feminist theory and activism. This article draws on social movement and performance theory to analyse the role of the body as a site of activism in performances and as a site that is subject to patriarchal and racial oppression. Through embodied activism, feminists reclaim their bodies as a contested site of oppression to reframe the terms of the debate on abortion and demonstrate the possibility for embodied and creative politics to create new, more inclusive forms of activist practices.     

论作为变色龙的生育的法律性质

生殖权首先以消极的方式出现在男性身上，19世纪的妇女运动导致了女性生殖权的出现，这两方面的生殖权直到20世纪下半叶才合流，形成不分性别的生殖权概念。在这一概念下，男女在流产问题上仍面临不同的对待。生殖的性质随着特定国家的人口形势而变，在有的国家是义务，此等义务的轻重在各国又各不相同；而在有的国家是权利。尽管如此，国家仍把剥夺生殖权作为打击罪犯和进行社会防卫的手段。     

外伤与流产关系的法医学鉴定

外伤后流产的案例在法医鉴定工作中屡见不鲜,而外伤与流产之间的关系及外伤的参与度问题常常是案件争论的焦点。一方面流产受较多因素影响,尤其是早孕期发生率高,另一方面案情具有复杂性和待推定的特点如外力未直接作用于腹部,外伤轻微通常不至于引起流产、流产儿出现畸形,案情不确定或资料不完整等情况给外伤后流产鉴定带来一定难度。通过对证实已孕、外力作用方式作用机制、伤后症状体征出现的时间特点、孕妇自身流产史及病理基础、流产物病理检查相互佐证分析流产与外伤的关系,得出合理结论。     

人工流产:权利抑或义务——女性主义视角下中美堕胎法比较研究

美国法上妇女堕胎权是宪法上保护的权利,但各州政府有权对此进行规范、限制甚至在一定条件下禁止。中国法上妇女享有充分的堕胎权,仅禁止选择性别的人工流产,但在计划生育国策下,有时人工流产成为义务,妇女的生殖健康也被漠视甚至受到侵害。以妇女为中心,保障妇女的堕胎自主决定权与生殖健康是女性主义对人工流产的法律进路。     

价值体系中的堕胎规制——生命权与自我决定权、国家利益的宪法考量

堕胎的规制模式大致可分为国家放任模式、国家许可模式和有限制的国家放任模式。这些模式的背后都有着自身的一些独特考量,模式的选取与其社会传统、对胎儿是否为人、宪法权利是否具有积极性、国家是否负有某种保护义务等诸多因素的认知密切相关。目前我国基本上是放任孕妇堕胎。然而,宪法却要求国家履行其对生命的保护义务。鉴于法律应该在社会现实和价值诉求之间寻求合理的互动和对话,我国应该在保护胎儿的生命、孕妇的自我决定权以及国家利益之间进行更为适当的权衡,对我国所施行的堕胎规制模式做出适当的调整。