协议管辖:问题、原因及其改革设想

我国《民事诉讼法》有关协议管辖的规定,在立法体例、适用范围,以及协议成立条件的规定上都存在诸多缺陷。基于当事人的诉权保障和我国当今社会对于民事司法救济权利保护的现实要求,比较、借鉴国外多数国家的有关立法例,可以发现,对于协议管辖的现行规定,有必要进行适当的修改与完善。     

行政协议的法律性质分析

我国区域经济合作发展背景下出现的行政协议是行政主体之间为实现合作，而在特定事项上互为意思表示一致达成合意的一种双方或多方行政行为。行政协议作为契约的一种，对签约主体而言，属于对等性行政契约，对行政相对人而言，属于抽象行政行为。     

International environmental agreements between developing countries only: learning from the Brazil–Uruguay case over the suspicion of acid rain

This article is about the process of negotiation and implementation of a bilateral environmental agreement between two developing countries. It analyzes the case of the Act of Jaguarão between Brazil and Uruguay on assessing the risk of transboundary air pollution by the President Medici (UTPM) coal-powered thermo-electrical facility in the Candiota region of southern Brazil. The article adds to the scarce literature on international environmental conflict resolution and negotiations between developing countries, especially in Latin America. First, it explains that even with the asymmetry of power between Brazil and Uruguay, negotiation was possible due to a series of factors, such as the interest of Brazilian environmental agencies in improving the monitoring of emissions from UTPM and the international scrutiny of Brazil prior to the upcoming Rio-92 Earth Summit. Both states obtained mutual gains from the agreement by developing ‘joint fact finding’ research and monitoring. Second, different from most of the mainstream literature, the research reveals that weaknesses in institutional agreements, such as a lack of sanctions or deadlines, were not an implementation impediment. In fact, the very weaknesses of the agreement actually enabled authorities in both countries to cooperate in the development of an acid rain monitoring program in the Candiota region, and as a result, to improve air monitoring capacities in both countries. Third, this research shows that the implementation process (1991–2003) produced different results and impacts: it helped to develop technical capacities of environmental agencies in both countries, increased the political power of Brazilian environmental agencies to control UTPM, and pushed for behavioral changes to enable UTPM to respond to the demands of both governments.     

建立中国式辩诉交易制度之刍议

如何兼顾公正与效益 ,乃现代刑事司法理论重点之关注 ,国外司法实践表明 ,“辩诉交易”实为求得二者平衡之最佳选择。在司法资源相对匮乏的中国 ,建立辩诉交易制度 ,对提高诉讼效率 ,实现法律效果与社会效果的高度统一 ,促进司法观念的革新意义重大。然而 ,辩诉交易利弊共存 ,当限制适用。因此 ,借鉴国外先进经验 ,建立符合中国实际的辩诉交易模式 ,应是中国司法改革的必由之路     

论国际商事仲裁的司法审查与立法完善

作为司法外解决争议手段的国际商事仲裁兼具契约性和司法性的混合特质,从而使得法院对于这一制度进行审查成为必要与必然。仲裁的司法审查包含三方面的内容,仲裁开庭前的司法审查,仲裁程序进行中的司法审查,仲裁裁决作出后的司法审查。仲裁作出后对裁决的司法审查尤为重要;但这种审查必须是适度的,应当承认仲裁裁决的终局性,简化和明确司法审查的范围和标准,审查应以支持和协助为主,控制和干预为辅。支持和促进仲裁发展是法院行使这一权力的立足点。我国应当借鉴国际上的先进做法,通过对《仲裁法》的修改,建立适度的司法审查制度。     

简析仲裁协议的形式要件

我国《仲裁法》第三章规定仲裁协议必须采用书面形式,符合国际仲裁协议制度的发展趋势。但是对于仲裁协议书面形式未作具体规定,易在实践中产生争议,建议修改我国《仲裁法》第三章有关仲裁协议的书面形式,并由法律规定出明确的仲裁协议的概念。     

SPERM DONOR OR THWARTED FATHER? HOW WRITTEN AGREEMENT STATUTES ARE CHANGING THE WAY COURTS RESOLVE LEGAL PARENTAGE ISSUES IN ASSISTED REPRODUCTION CASES

In recent years, the use of assisted reproduction has risen dramatically in the United States, allowing individuals who face various reproductive challenges, including infertility or absence of a heterosexual partner, to conceive biological children. While assisted reproduction has expanded to meet the needs of these parents, the legal system remains years behind, often leading to complicated child custody disputes between the parties. State legislatures have responded to the call for increased regulation of legal parentage in assisted reproduction in varying ways, although one popular statutory approach requires a known sperm provider to preserve his intention to parent in a written agreement with the woman. This article will argue that written agreement statutes are an effective means for resolving parentage disputes because of their ability to protect pre-insemination intent and encourage private ordering of conflicts among the parties. These issues will be explored through the lens of a recent case decided by the Kansas Supreme Court, In Re K.M.H. , where the court enforced a written agreement statute against a sperm provider despite his equal protection and due process challenges.     

合同相对性规则·集体合同·单个劳动合同

集体合同因在合同主体、合同内容、合同责任方面均不可能具有相对性而使其被排除在适用合同相对性规则的合同范围之外,这就决定了集体合同难以在履行过程中独自发挥功效,因此,受合同相对性规则规范的劳动合同在集体合同的履行过程中起着无法取代的作用,正是用人单位与劳动者之间单个劳动合同的一一订立与履行,才使得集体合同从字面内容真正落实到劳动者实际享有的劳动利益中去.集体合同制度与劳动合同制度各有所长,相辅相成,在对劳动者的劳动利益的保护方面各自发挥着无可替代的作用.     

社会转型维度下的调解协议效力重构——以调解制度文本变迁为视角

调解执行及调解协议的效力问题是随着社会转型逐渐凸显的,在现今中国调解制度的架构下,经法院确认的调解协议具有申请强制执行的效力是一种历史的选择,也是调解制度得以进一步推行和发展的关键。新中国调解制度文本的历史勾画出调解执行及调解协议效力的直观变化过程。＂传统权威＂的逐渐解体,国家对调解社会功能的期许以及社会转型的复杂情势,赋予调解协议申请法院强制执行的效力,让国家权力介入这一基于当事人＂自愿＂而构建的纠纷解决机制成为必然,这也是调解在现代社会维系的必要条件。     

司法确认人民调解协议之路径分析——审查内容的视角

司法确认人民调解协议机制的立法设置及实践运作，对于人民调解活动的规范化发展，对于人民调解制度正当性的塑造及权威性的提升，具有极大价值意义。人民法院对人民调解协议的司法审查应主要限于形式方面。文章从主体、调解原则、调解范围、调解依据和调解程序等五个方面论证司法审查人民调解协议的具体审查内容。