An Ethics-based Climate Agreement for the South Pacific Region

The aim of this article is to describe a comprehensive regional climate agreement for the South Pacific region. This agreement would integrate the usual view of climate negotiations among the developed countries as the sharing of mitigation costs, with that of the Pacific Islands, which focuses on the disproportion between responsibility for, and the efforts of, adaptation to burdens imposed by climate impacts. The agreement, moreover, is grounded on sound principles of justice and criteria of equity which give greater legitimacy to it and can persuade parties with conflicting interests to cooperate more closely on collective actions. On the mitigation side, discussion of the initial allocation of endowments focuses on the criterion of differentiated equality, taking account of undeserved inequalities as suggested by Rawls’ theory of justice as fairness. Endowments are initially distributed according to a formula whose reference is equal per capita distribution corrected for the most striking unjustifiable inequalities. Possibly a sound benchmark for the just financing of adaptation activities is the criterion of differentiated historical responsibility, again backed by Rawls’s theory, while the allocation of adaptation resources can be based on the criterion of lack of functionings, as substantiated in Sen’s capability approach. In practical terms, it is possible to envision the creation of an adaptation fund where each single contribution is proportional to cumulative emissions net of undeserved inequalities, and which allows participation by poorer vulnerable countries proportionally to their levels of human development.

论仲裁协议效力的确定与扩张

仲裁协议是整个仲裁制度的基石,本文就仲裁协议在理论和实践中几个容易发生争议的问题阐明了作者的观点。首先,一份有效的仲裁协议必须具备书面形式,信息技术的发展促使新的仲裁协议形式不断涌现。其次,我国仲裁法要求仲裁协议明确约定仲裁机构,这使仲裁协议的成立要件过于严格,并且在实践中造成了理解和适用上的混乱,立法上有待于进一步完善。最后,本文探讨了仲裁协议的扩张问题。当合同被转让或在涉他合同中,仲裁条款作为合同的一部分,其效力就会突破签订协议的双方而对第三人生效。此外出于对公司治理制度的需要,“揭开公司面纱”理论被应用到仲裁领域,仲裁协议效力也扩张至第三人。     

台江县反排村当代苗族习惯法民族志

台江县是全国最集中的苗族聚居县,由于特殊的地理环境和历史背景,较好地保留了原始苗族习惯法文化。历史上传承下来的桥崇拜规范、牯脏节规范、婚姻习惯法规范以及神判制度等仍然发挥着重要的社会控制作用。由于国家实行村民自治制度,很多苗族习惯法规范以村规民约的形式表现出来。村民委员会和村民调解委员会成员代替传统上的寨老对民间纠纷进行调解。     

泛珠三角地区行政协议的评估及建议

行政协议本质是一种对等性行政契约。经济相对发达的泛珠三角地区在进行区域合作时面对可能遇到的问题,有必要从法律依据、法律效力、一体化途径、名称、内容格式、涉及范围、程序平台、责任条款和争端解决等若干方面,对行政协议适时地做出评估及建设性考量。     

对公司章程性质的思考

对公司章程性质的研究在公司法领域是一个基础性课题。公司章程具有复杂性,但其根本性质是契约性,是公司、股东及其他公司组成者之间的多方契约。公司章程是对公司、股东、公司经营管理人员具有约束力的调整公司内部组织关系和经营行为的法律文件。     

WTO知识产权协议侵权归责原则

中国知识产权保护从零水平向世界水平跃进 ,使中国有关司法近年始终保持攀高的趋势 ,法学界也为适应这种趋势提供了理论依据。本文作者从分析WTO知识产权协议侵权归责入手 ,对TRIPS协议主张“无过错责任”总原则提出质疑 ,对中国司法总体适用“过错推定”原则提出疑问。最后 ,对TRIPS协议侵权归责以“场合”划分而不以“权属”之诉划分的实践意义及对如何正确理解TRIPS协议侵权归责作出了探讨。     

论TRIPs视野下的刑法对知识产权保护的必要性与限度性

知识产权对刑法保护的需求源于该领域的特殊性 :知识产权的权利脆弱性和易受侵害性、知识产权侵权与犯罪行为的弱谴责性与高收益性、对知识产权的刑法保护已达成国际共识。但是 ,刑法对知识产权的保护亦有程度上的特异性 :在价值目标上的限制是谋求个人利益与社会利益的衡平、鼓励创新与科技进步的衡平 ;在法律性质上的限制是恪守后盾法的刑法应是最后制裁法之原则 ;就介入的纵向程度限制而言 ,则应在适度观念下的注重实证效果     

The utility of histology in assessing the cause of death in medico-legal autopsies in selected trauma deaths: Suspension-, immersion-, fire-, and traffic-related

The goal of a medico-legal autopsy is primarily to determine the cause and manner of death. To this end, the pathologist often uses auxiliary analyses, including histology. However, the utility of routine histology in all medico-legal autopsies is unknown. Earlier studies on the utility of routine histology have shown inconsistent effects, with some studies recommending it and others rejecting it. To study the degree to which histology informs on the underlying cause of death, we sent autopsy reports from suspension-, immersion-, fire-, and traffic-related deaths to senior board-certified forensic pathologists and had them assess the cause of death, first without knowledge of the histological findings and then with knowledge thereof. Fifty cases were identified in each of four subgroups: fire-, immersion-, suspension-, and traffic-related deaths. The autopsy reports were anonymized, and the histological findings and conclusions were removed. Two board-certified forensic pathologists independently reviewed the reports in each subgroup and assessed the manner and underlying cause of death (including their certainty of this assessment on a five-level scale) with and without access to histological findings. The probability of changing the underlying cause of death posthistology was low in all study groups. There was a slight increase in the degree of certainty posthistology in cases where the underlying cause of death was not changed, but only when the antehistology certainty was low. Our results suggest that histology does not meaningfully inform on the underlying cause of death in suspension-, immersion-, fire-, and traffic-related deaths except when antehistology certainty is low.     

中外协议管辖制度之比较

与美、法、德等国的协议管辖制度相比,我国协议管辖制度在协议管辖范围、明示协议管辖和默示协议管辖等方面尚存在一些具体问题。应当借鉴国外相关制度中的合理成分,完善我国的协议管辖制度,协调法院职权与当事人处分权之间的矛盾,适应司法实践的需要。     

论《海牙选择法院协议公约》的适用范围

《海牙选择法院协议公约》是2005年海牙国际私法会议通过的第一个关于管辖权和判决承认与执行的国际公约。公约仅适用于当事人签订有排他性选择法院协议的国际性民事或商事案件,同时也附加有多种例外情况。研究公约的适用规则可以为我国加入和适用公约提供参考。