Sharing the costs of fighting justly

ABSTRACT

Combatants who attempt to obey the laws of war often have to take considerable risks in order to effectively discriminate between legitimate and illegitimate targets. Sometimes this task is made even more complicated by systemic factors which influence their ability to discriminate effectively without unduly risking their lives or the mission. If they fail to do so, civilians often pay the price. In this paper, I argue that to the extent that non-combatants benefit from the attempt to fight justly, and to the extent that wars in which combatants attempt to fight justly can be understood as a system of social cooperation which produces both burdens and benefits, non-combatants have a responsibility to shoulder their fair share of these burdens. Thus, if combatants (and by extension enemy non-combatants) are disproportionately burdened in a conflict, non-combatants ought to take on some costs, for instance in order to reduce the strain imposed on combatants by systemic factors such as the availability and distribution of resources.     

Gendering the border effect: the double impact of Colombian insecurity and the Venezuelan refugee crisis

Abstract

In the Colombian–Venezuelan borderlands, the reconfiguration of armed group presence and mass migration create and reinforce conditions of high violence and risk. Against this backdrop, we ask: What are the gendered security implications of the double crisis in the borderlands? Based on fieldwork in four regions along the border, this article argues that the border effect is gendered; the very factors that coalesce to produce this effect exacerbate existing gendered power dynamics, particularly as these relate to gender-based violence. Accordingly, this article demonstrates the specific ways in which the border – as a facilitator, deterrent, magnet and/or disguise – reinforces experiences of gendered insecurity in this region. The article finishes by outlining the implications for other international borderland settings.     

Mind the Gap: Lacunae in the International Legal Framework Governing Private Military and Security Companies

Abstract

This article examines the common claim that there are gaps in international law that undermine accountability of private military and security companies. A multi-actor analysis examines this question in relation to the commission of international crimes, violations of fundamental human rights, and ordinary crimes. Without this critical first step of identifying specific deficiencies in international law, the debate about how to enhance accountability within this sector is likely to be misguided at best.     

Resolving armed conflict： The Acehnese experience of mediation

A growing number of armed conflicts are ending in negotiated and mediated settlements. While mediation has been acknowledged as an effective means of dispute resolution in many areas, such as family law, medical law and commercial law, it has only quite recently been employed for the resolution of armed conflicts. It is the aim of this article to analyze how mediation was successfully employed in resolving conflicts in the region of Aceh in Indonesia. After 25 years of armed conflict, a peace deal was signed in 2005 between the government of Indonesia and an armed Acehnese group, the Gerekan Aceh Merdeka（GAM）. This article will detail the history of the conflict and the mediation process, focusing on the mediation strategies and characteristics.     

美军军官考核的特点与启示

改革我国干部选才用人制度是人们长期热议的话题。在全面考察美军军官考核工作具有考核机构的权威性、考核周期的短频性、考核内容的全面性、考核程序的公正性、考核方法的科学性、考核结果的客观性等六个特点的基础上,从干部考核主体、过程和方式方法三个角度,分析了我国干部考核工作中存在的问题;通过比较中外干部考核制度,从改革干部考核的主体结构、程序和期限三个方面,对我国干部考核工作提出了进一步优化的路径。     

The Impact of School Policing on Student Behaviors in Ohio Public Schools

The present study examined variations in incidents of student insubordination and violence using an individual change model, which allowed for repeated observations of student behaviors in 148 Ohio schools at the initial status (2010) and over time (2010 and 2014). Findings were significant only at the initial status. As school size and total number of school policing measures increased, so did student incidents of insubordination in 2010. School policing and the percentage of economic disadvantage did not predict violence. Findings considered the number of behavior incidents with respect to policing in all school locales, revealing the impact of school policing on student behaviors may transcend race and geographic location.     

试论影响印度软件产业发展的市场环境因素

印度软件产业是在一定的市场环境中生存与发展起来的,因而认识影响印度软件产业发展的一系列市场环境因素,以及探索其环境影响因素的变动趋势,制定趋利避害的战略,是促使印度软件产业发展的基础和条件保证。     

市民社会：现代政治文明发展的动力

市民社会既是政治文明进步的成果和标志,也是政治文明发展的重要推动力.它在现代政治文明发展过程中,发挥着越来越重要的作用.市民社会孕育了资本主义政治文明,市民社会与政治国家的分离推进了资本主义政治文明的形成和发展.建构中国特色的社会主义市民社会,实现市民社会和政治国家的良性互动,是推进社会主义政治文明发展的强大动力.     

伊拉克战争对国际法治的冲击和影响

美英发动的伊拉克战争对国际社会提出了一系列值得认真思考的国际法问题。本文着重探讨这场战争对国际法基础的冲击以及违反联合国宪章规定非法使用武力问题 ,探讨在国际武装冲突中实施国际人道法面临的困境。在此基础上 ,作者提出了加强国际法治的若干建议。     

苏联解体留给我们的启示

苏联是世界上第一个社会主义国家。苏联的解体留给了我们太多的启示。我们必须坚持马克思主义同中国实际相结合 ,必须正确处理各种社会关系 ,必须始终把生产力的发展放在首位 ,注重改革开放和执政党建设 ,防止西方敌对势力“和平演变”阴谋的得逞。