BUSINESS CYCLES AND STREET CRIME

This study examines the influence of business cycle fluctuations on street crime in the conceptual framework of Cantor and Land's(1985) seminal work distinguishing between opportunity and motivation effects. The analysis contributes to the literature three ways. First, we use cross‐section/time series data, which has several important advantages over simple time‐series or cross‐section data of previous studies. Second, it introduces a new and broader measure of business cycle conditions, one that more faithfully captures the logic of Cantor and Land's framework than previous measures do. Third, it focuses on the large decline in street crime of the 1990s, a central issue facing criminologists. Statistical models indicate that the strong economy of the 1990s reduced all four index property crimes and robbery by reducing criminal motivation. Business cycle growth produced no significant opportunity effect for any of the crimes studied.     

试论宋代"全民经商"及经商群体构成变化的历史价值

在商品经济的冲击下,宋代形成一种难以阻挡的"全民经商"态势。其经商群体的构成除职业商人外,尤其是包括了衣食国家的军人、官吏、皇室成员和享受国家优惠政策的宗教界人士。他们经商营利的行为超出职业的范畴,也多为国法和传统道德规范所不容,但若将其放入中国历史发展的长时段中考察,就带有历史的必然性和合理性,应当给予一些积极的评价。     

再论中国古代契约与国家法的关系——以唐代田宅、奴婢卖买契约为中心

由唐代有关卖买契约的令文及有关律文规定,可见当时卖买契约与国家法律的基本关系。唐代卖买契约,基本是依照法律令进行的程序和活动,是在法律指导下形成的秩序。在此方面,古代契约活动的依据,主要为国家法,而非所谓民间法。     

商业秘密立法保护问题探析

商业秘密的概念决定一国的商业秘密保护基本理论、法律保护方式、保护程度的关键性问题。应正确理解商业秘密的法律属性及对其保护的法理定位。在此基础上,结合我国商业秘密的立法保护现状相应的完善立法保护。     

Trade marks plus? the role of trade marks in the global economy and the danger of over-protection

This article examines the economic role of the trade mark, both as a structuring device and as a means of adding value to products. It shows how its role as a flexible structuring device that provides a distinct focus for goodwill derives from the special meaning of the term “origin” or “trade origin” in trade mark law, this being what a trade mark is supposed to indicate. Firms can control the identity that a trade mark signifies and confers on the products with which it is used without being tied to any particular set of production arrangements. This article also considers how goodwill can be a source of economic benefit both through reducing transaction costs and, in some cases, through adding value to products. This article then examines the economic rationale for the legal protection of trade marks and shows how this is analogous to the rationale for awarding property rights over tangible resources and different from that for other forms of intellectual property right. The pressure to expand the legal protection of stronger trade marks is explored and it is accepted that there is an economic case for doing so. However, it is argued that the additional protection must be carefully calibrated through definitions that take account of its economic rationale and avoid the danger of over-extending it. In particular, this danger of over-protection arises from making a false analogy between stronger trade marks and the kind of intangible output that is the subject of the other forms of intellectual property right.     

油田领域商业贿赂案件的司法调查与对策分析

石油是国家经济的支柱产业,在国民经济中占有极大的比重。石油勘探开发、生产运营的特点和特定经济发展环境,决定了在石油勘探开发、生产运营活动中出现的商业贿赂犯罪案件的特殊性和复杂性,因此,不断加大打击查办油田领域商业贿赂犯罪案件的力度,并从中总结出相关犯罪案件的现状、规律特点及司法对策等问题具有积极意义。     

略论我国企业孵化器发展的理论与实践

目前我国企业孵化器(BI)已经形成了一个有一定规模的行业,成为了新的经济增长点,具有特殊的行业特征,呈现出类型多样化和城市体系建设网络化的趋势。BI的发展是市场经济条件下推进知识创业的需要,其孵化过程具体体现了孵化机理。我国BI发展中需处理好孵化环境与市场环境、公益性质与盈利目标、自身与外部资源运用、硬设施支持与软服务、孵化企业与孵化自身、长期与短期目标以及场内与场外孵化等关系。     

英语专业外贸英文函电写作错误实例分析与建议

针对外贸英语函电写作错误的研究,目前虽有少数学者将语言研究与商务语境结合起来,但主要集中在语言能力方面。从文化和语用学的角度分析函电写作错误尚不多见,也未见学者对函电写作中的外贸业务知识错误进行系统的分析和研究。通过对英语专业学生的大量函电习作进行研究,我们发现学生的语用错误和国际贸易实务知识错误比较突出。对这些错误进行分析,旨在引发同行对外贸英语函电教学的思考和研究。     

关于妨害对公司、企业管理秩序罪执法不力的思考

实务中妨害对公司、企业管理秩序罪的犯罪大量存在 ,但是被宣判的却相当少。导致这种现状的原因在于公司法立法的落伍、自律机制的缺失和社会生活中对私人集团的过度依赖。为了解决这些问题 ,应当抛弃陈旧观念 ,将部分罪非罪化 ;建立健全自律机制 ;通过政治体制改革限制私人集团在社会生活中的作用。     

俄罗斯私有化过程中商界精英的演进

上世纪80年代末,俄罗斯社会发生了巨大的变化。戈尔巴乔夫实行经济体制改革,出现私有化。叶利钦时期,私有化制度由隐形到公开。在私有化过程中,各行各业的商业精英不断涌现。他们多数来源于各个部门的领导阶层,利用手中的特权或直接把国有资产据为己有,或通过从事商业活动,迅速暴富起来。