Policing football crowds in Sweden

The policing of football crowds in Sweden is underpinned by a national coordination approach based upon a set of conflict reducing principles and supported by crowd theory. The approach is referred to as the Special Police Tactic (SPT). While focused on police capacity to exercise force, the SPT also gives primacy to tactics based upon communication, in the form of Dialogue Police. Existing research on the SPT focuses exclusively on the policing of protest crowds. This paper extends the existing literature by reporting on a large scale three-year observational research project examining the SPT as it is applied to football fixtures involving several of Sweden’s major football clubs. On the basis of our analysis we draw out how policing operations in line with facilitation and communication were associated with effective outcomes. However, we also highlight deficiencies in national coordination and coherence as well as highlighting important innovations with regard to approaches to dialogue with football fans. We explore the implications of our analysis for theoretical understanding of effective football crowd management and engagement with fan culture.     

Autonomous weapon system: Law of armed conflict (LOAC) and other legal challenges

The legality of autonomous weapon systems (AWS) under international law is a swiftly growing issue of importance as technology advances and machines acquire the capacity to operate without human control. This paper argues that the existing laws are ineffective and that a different set of laws are needed. This paper examines several issues that are critical for the development and use of AWS in warfare. It argues that a preemptive ban on AWS is irrelevant at this point and urges the appropriate authorities to develop a modern legal framework that is tailored to embrace these state-of-the-art weapons as the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) develops. First, this paper explores the myriad of laws designed to govern the potential future development and deployment of artificial intelligence and AWS in the context of International Humanitarian Law or LAOC. Second, the paper argues that it will be challenging for AWS to fulfill the requirements laid out under the International Committee of the Red Cross and LOAC for the rules of humanity, military necessity, distinction, proportionality and precaution, especially as it is related to noncombatants. Third, the paper discusses command responsibility and argues that states should establish accountability for wrongful acts committed by the AWS. Finally, this paper contends that there is an urgent need for a new legal framework to regulate these AWS and presents different solutions for the legal framework of AWS.     

Collaborative Leadership in the Arts as a Unique Form of Dual Leadership

This article examines dual leadership in Australian performing arts companies, reflected in the respective roles of artistic directors and general managers. Our findings challenge assumptions underpinning much of the literature on dual leadership; in particular, the assumption that conflict is inevitable between the two leaders. In our research, we identified dual leadership relationships that might more accurately be described as instances of collaborative leadership. We suggest that one explanation for this presence of collaborative leadership may be that the study found similarities in both leaders’ passion for the arts, often reflected in a shared background in an arts practice.     

公众人物姓名商标注册的法律规制——以公众人物姓名与注册商标权利冲突为视角

姓名具有识别功能,亦可被作为商标使用。公众人物基于自己的努力使得自己的姓名在社会公众中具有一定的吸引力,并使得自己的姓名蕴含了一定的商业价值。基于此,常有第三人欲借用公众人物对社会大众吸引力变为对商品的消费,而未经公众人物许可将其姓名注册为商标。对此情况,我国商标法以较隐蔽的方式进行限制,但法律规定的不明晰使得公众人物姓名被抢注为商标的情况仍不时发生,并直接导致公众人物姓名权与姓名商标权之间的冲突。为此,法律在商标注册时应进行规制,从知名度的认定、争议商标与公众人物姓名相同的认定以及争议商标使用的事实状态等三个方面进行考量,防止不当注册的情况产生。     

浅议中国--东盟投资争端解决机制的构建

文章立足于中国-东盟这一完全由发展中国家组成的自由贸易区的事实,以中国与东盟各国在双边投资协议中达成的共识为基础,同时借鉴现代双边、多边投资协议(包括东盟关于投资争议解决的已有规定)中关于投资争端解决的先进做法,提出中国-东盟投资争端解决机制构建的建议.     

网络环境与国际民商新秩序的构建

网络环境带给人们快捷高效的同时 ,也带来了法律冲突问题。因特网的国际性决定了构建国际民商新秩序必须依靠国际社会的协调与合作 ,而这种合作的价值定位应该是寻求国际社会的整体利益和国家利益之间的动态平衡。     

Rethinking Conflict: Perspectives from the Insight Approach

In this article, the authors present the “insight approach” to conflict as an analytical and methodological framework that addresses the dynamic interactions between conflicting parties. According to the insight approach, conflict is relational, dynamic, and adaptive, generated from the responsive interpretive frameworks that parties use to construct meaning. Conflict arises as a result of parties' experience of what insight theorists call “threat‐to‐cares,” which generates defend–attack patterns of interaction between them. The authors suggest that rethinking the nature of conflict so that it is seen as an interaction embedded in meaning making enables conflict interveners to help parties gain insight into, and articulate, the values that are being generated, advanced, threatened, and realigned within the complex interactions that define us as social beings. In doing so, parties develop abilities to generate new patterns and solutions that can limit and even eliminate the experiences of threat that generate conflict between them.     

隐私权保障三论

隐私权是近年来发展较快的一项人格权,受到各国以及国际社会的普遍重视,但我国对隐私权的关注和研究起步较晚,在理论与实践中有许多问题亟需澄清。有必要从比较的视野研究域外隐私权的保障依据、保障界限以及保障模式,目的是在比较和借鉴中为中国隐私权保障的制度建构提供理论基础,并结合中国的国情提出完善的建议。