中国改革开放共识的变迁脉络和发展轨迹

站在改革30周年的新起点，回顾改革历程和轨迹，反思改革的是非得失，在科学发展观和社会主义和谐社会战略的指引下，中国的改革必将迎来新的辉煌。     

Institutional Arrangements and State and Local Financial Forecasting

Abstract

The articles in this symposium present various consequences that effectively result in changes from adopted budgets during the implementation phase, which derive from institutional structure. The institutional structures referred to include such attributes as internal policy, procedural methodology, longevity in office, and reward and incentive systems related to performance outcomes

For local governments, structural influences studied include changes in leadership in the executive and legislative branches, longevity in office of budget administrators, and differences related to mayor-council vs. council-manager forms of government. Internal policies reported on cover methodology used to forecast revenues such as quantitative methods versus informed judgment, budgetary controls and spending policy related to mandated spending beyond local government control, and procedures for benchmarking within the agency as well as with peer groups and professional standards.

Consortia of governments are referenced regarding performance evaluation as is the process for gaining consensus between the executive and legislative branches, including expert outside opinion. Other influences on performance outcomes reported on are those tied to the risk-reward system built in to the institutional structure, which includes risk tolerance of the individuals who make pension fund investments.     

论文学史话语权威性的标志

文学史话语在确立和发展中逐步形成了权威性的地位和影响,文学史话语权威性的标志即信史性、共识性、经典性、传承性.文学史的撰写形式可以多样化,具体观念也可以多元化,但文学史家却始终应坚守历史唯物主义的立场和态度,维护文学史的权威性,对历史负责,对读者负责.这正是科学发展现在史学(文学史)研究领域的具体体现.     

Just punishments: Guideline sentences and normative consensus

The federal sentencing guidelines prescribe ranges of sentences to be given to persons convicted of felonies in the federal criminal courts. The U.S. Sentencing Commission wrote the guidelines attempting to make sentences conform to community views of appropriate punishments, along with several other criteria. Employing data from a 1994 national sample of adult Americans, designed as a factorial survey, the degree of correspondence is shown between guidelines sentences and those desired by the American public. Although at the individual level only a modest degree of concordance was found, the central tendencies of public opinion (median sentences) were found to correspond quite closely to the guidelines sentences. The major points of disagreement centered around drug trafficking crimes: the guidelines prescribed very long sentences for those crimes and distinguished sharply among trafficking in heroin, powder cocaine, and crack, whereas median sentences desired by the public were much lower and did not distinguish sharply among trafficking in those drugs. We interpret the findings as indicating that the guidelines sentences conform reasonably closely to American normative consensus concerning the sentencing of federal felons.The research reported in this article was commissioned by the U.S. Sentencing Commission. The views expressed in this article are not necessarily endorsed by the Commission. Full expositions of the findings from the national survey used are given by Rossi and Berk (1995, 1997).     

Australia and the Baltic States, 1919–1945

Praised by international organizations, Estonia and Slovenia have long been considered among the most successful post-communist states. Estonia quickly transformed itself into one of the most liberal economies in the world, whereas Slovenia opted for a social justice-oriented market economy. Still, the roots of their success coincide in that consensus played a crucial role. We argue that the public sphere was never as repressed in Estonia and Slovenia during the communist period as it was elsewhere. Distinct national identities continued to be formed and re-formed by intellectuals during the decades of communist rule, who assumed roles as political leaders when the transition started. Consensus based on these national identities legitimized reform policies for the entire decade of the 1990s.     

金融公正理念的法学阐释

资本扩张所导致的金融危机与两极分化,将弘扬自由与平等为主旨的金融法拖入了目标和现实相背离的现代性悖论之中。从公正理念的维度,重新审视现代金融法的价值取向与功能定位,对于缓解法的服从性与正当性之间的紧张关系,以及维护法的权威性具有重要意义。推进中国金融法制的现代化进程,须对西方的现代性范式扬善抑恶,以求实现金融自由与社会秩序的良性互动。     

Rise of China and its Implications for India

正The economic success of China in the last thirty years is the most impressive and most important story of development in human history.China has had 10 per cent growth rate over last 30 years.No other major country in the world has achieved it before.During this period,over 500 million people were lifted out of poverty.Inflation rate was moderate and growth was largely financed from domestic sources.China also had tremendous     

社会发展价值观视域下的新型城镇化

新型城镇化战略是党的社会发展价值观深刻转换的产物,是党的"以人为本"社会发展价值观的重要体现。"以人为本"的社会发展价值观对新型城镇化发展提出了切实提高城镇化的质量和效益、建设包容性、和谐性城镇等要求。为了推动新型城镇化健康发展,必须坚持以党的社会发展价值观为指导,最大限度地寻求社会价值共识:要以社会主义核心价值观为引领,凝聚价值共识;追求共同利益,夯实价值共识的基础;重视融合,寻求"重叠共识"。     

论宪法在澳门基本法制定与实施中的作用

1982年宪法是制定澳门基本法的依据,也是澳门回归祖国20年来保持繁荣稳定的根本保障。从1988年9月起草澳门基本法开始,到1999年12月20日澳门回归祖国并实施基本法以来,共和国的宪法精神像血液一样融入到澳门社会的各个领域,为澳门社会的和谐、稳定与健康发展提供了根本法基础。澳门回归20年的实践充分表明,在宪法和基本法共同构成澳门新宪制秩序的背景下,澳门特别行政区展现了开放、多元与活力,为“一国两制”的伟大实践提供了新鲜的经验。在回顾澳门回归20年的历程时,我们更加深刻地认识到共和国宪法的历史方位与时代精神,对澳门未来发展充满信心。当然,未来“一国两制”的实践也会遇到新挑战、新问题,但只要我们坚持“一国两制”的初心,坚持严格依照宪法和基本法办事,继续以宪法和基本法凝聚社会共识,澳门将会迎来更加美好的明天。     

刑事裁判共识引论

共识理论与刑事裁判在问题的起点与终点、解决认识问题的观念、基本要求等方面都有契合之处,表明将共识理论引入刑事裁判问题中是可行的。刑事裁判共识在主体、对象、程度与形成方法上都有其特殊性。传统价值理论的研究主要存在两个缺陷:一是视野局限;二是深度不够。刑事裁判共识理论与传统价值理论具有一致性,可以统一,但又有所超越,所以能够在一定程度上弥补传统价值理论的缺陷。然而,刑事裁判共识理论也与传统价值理论存在冲突,应当根据情况分别对待。