比较刑事诉讼法的研究进路：从划分模式到探求共性

目前在世界范围内刑事诉讼法比较研究的主流进路是划分刑事诉讼程序模式。达马斯卡的审问/对抗模式和阶层/同位模式是这种进路的代表。唯模式论者往往关注刑事诉讼程序的差异而忽视它们的相似之处。本文参考英格拉姆对于不同法域刑事诉讼程序共性的探讨,提出比较刑事诉讼法还应采用探求共性的进路,寻求相互理解的比较。内容提要：目前在世界范围内刑事诉讼法比较研究的主流进路是划分刑事诉讼程序模式。达马斯卡的审问/对抗模式和阶层/同位模式是这种进路的代表。唯模式论者往往关注刑事诉讼程序的差异而忽视它们的相似之处。本文参考英格拉姆对于不同法域刑事诉讼程序共性的探讨,提出比较刑事诉讼法还应采用探求共性的进路,寻求相互理解的比较。     

非正式规则与法治:“中国难题”的挑战

主流观点认为,中国法治建设的最大动力和最大希望都来自对经济发展的追求,但是“中国难题”对此提出了挑战,其对非正式规则在中国经济发展中的正面意义的肯定,切断了法治发展的“社会基础论”的逻辑链条.非正式规则的流行及国家层面上的附和不仅弱化了自下而上推动法治变革的意愿,也同样阻碍了法治在“顶层设计”的突破.非正式规则虽然在一定时期内能够承担推动经济发展的功能,但是却可能造成多种法治缺陷,甚至可能使正式制度长期受到压抑,无法突破僵局.     

Strengthening family planning stewardship with a total market approach: Mali,Uganda, and Kenya experiences

To improve overall market sustainability, governments and their donors are ramping up efforts to strengthen stewardship in developing country health markets. Key stewardship functions include generating intelligence that enable policymakers, ministerial leaders, and program managers to develop evidence‐based policies and strategies to improve the resource management, supply, and use of health products and services. The total market approach (TMA), an analytic and policy framework, generates market intelligence and improves evidence‐based decision‐making, and also strengthens other stewardship functions, such as building and sustaining partnerships, strengthening tools for implementation, aligning government policy with market interventions, and ensuring accountability/transparency. TMA evolved in response to the phase out of donor support for reproductive health (RH) and family planning (FP) programs and the need to improve coordination among public, private, nongovernmental organizations, and civil society to achieve greater equity, health impact, and market sustainability. To assess TMA's role in strengthening the stewardship of RH/FP markets, this article reviews three countries that applied TMA principles: Mali, Uganda, and Kenya. It identifies how TMA processes influenced stewardship functions and assesses to what degree these processes have contributed to concrete actions to improve market efficiency and sustainability.     

MOVING INTO THE NEW AID APPROACH,DILEMMAS FOR NGOs: THE BELGIAN CASE

Under the new aid approach, nongovernmental development organizations (NGOs) are expected to move from “delivery” (service delivery projects) to “leverage” (lobbying and advocacy). In line with this international tendency, the Belgian government has signed a pact with the NGO sector in which a move away from delivery and toward leverage is being proposed. Given that Belgian NGOs are heavily dependent on government funding and strongly oriented toward the “delivery” model, this pact implies that a number of NGOs will have to undergo organizational changes. This article shows that there is a major cleavage in the NGO landscape in Belgium. Some organizations clearly favor the leverage, whereas others prefer the delivery roles. Those that are more dependent on government funding tend to incline toward the leverage orientation. The attitudinal orientation toward the leverage model however does not imply that organizations are effectively willing and able to change. A number of identity and legitimacy concerns are perceived by NGOs to be important sources of organizational inertia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

In Search of the Missing Link: Examining Contextual Variation in Federal Charge Bargains across U.S. District Courts

Abstract

Punishment scholars acknowledge the fundamental importance of both prosecutorial discretion and jurisdictional variation in punishment; yet, little is known about the extent to which charging practices vary across court contexts. This is especially true in the federal criminal justice system. This research investigates this issue by linking four years of charging data from the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AOUSC) to corresponding data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission (USSC). It incorporates unique information on district court contexts from a variety of sources to investigate jurisdictional variation in charge reductions. Findings provide evidence that federal charging practices vary across district courts. In particular, several structural court characteristics are significantly related to the likelihood of charge reduction for similarly-situated defendants. Results from this study are interpreted through the lens of contemporary legal perspectives on court communities and suggest several fruitful directions for additional research on the social contexts of criminal prosecution.     

《气候变化框架公约》履行的环境法解释与方案选择

《气候变化框架公约》及其议定书是人类应对气候变化所制定的总体规划和实施细则,但是,由于其和其他环境法公约一样具有环境法的"软法"特质,一些《气候变化框架公约》的履行机制出现了许多值得探究的边白。以"震慑型"方案还是"激励型"方案为主,需要从《气候变化框架公约》的履行理论切入,深入剖析,对此两种方案进行理论、实证博弈分析,得出《气候变化框架公约》履行方案的应有选择,为今后其他国际环境条约的履行提供相关指导。     

对加快构建贵州生态补偿机制的理性思考

推动经济社会加快发展需要不断创新发展模式,促进市场化背景下的有限资源要素有效配置需要创新资源管理模式。补偿源于付出与失损。生态补偿机制是一种新型资源环境管理模式,是生态环境保护政策创新的重要内容。新形势下,对于经济社会发展相对滞后的贵州来说,加快构建生态补偿机制具有特别重要的意义和作用。     

解析词块教学法对英语四、六级翻译的重要意义

随着全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会对考试大纲的修订,翻译的题型、分值都发生了很大变化,重要性进一步凸显。基于词块的定义和分类的理论基础,结合四、六级翻译改革后的要求和学生翻译中普遍出现的问题,解析应用词块教学法对提高学生翻译能力的优越性。     

社会转型期大学生党员主体地位实现机制探析

大学生党员是学生群体中的骨干力量,确定大学生党员的主体地位和发挥大学生党员的主体作用是大学生党的建设的一项重要任务。实现大学生在大学党员的主体地位,必须培养和提高大学生的主体意识和党员的身心素养,建立和完善大学生党员发挥民主权利的机制,使其主体作用得到认知。     

论增强执政党自我净化的能力

党的自我净化主要包括政治净化、思想净化和组织净化。增强执政党自我净化能力是历史的经验教训,是克服自身惰性的有效手段,是现实的要求。增强自我净化能力的重点是思想净化,而思想净化的重点是淡泊名利,思想净化的难点是控制个人的欲望。自我净化的基本思路是从严治党,从严治吏:一是加强教育,远离污染;二是思想斗争,祛除污染;三是严格制度,隔绝污染;四是吐故纳新,清理污染。