Can Cohort Replacement Explain Changes in the Relationship Between Age and Homicide Offending?

This paper focuses on shifts in the age distribution of homicide offending in the United States. This distribution remained remarkably stable with small but significant changes over a long period of time. Then between 1985 and 1990 the rates of homicide offending doubled for 15-to-19 year olds and increased nearly 40% for 20-to-24 year olds, while the homicide offending rates decreased for those over 30. In addition to this “epidemic of youth homicide,” which lasted through the mid-1990s, there have been systematic changes in the age distribution of homicide in the United States associated with cohort replacement over the past 40 years. We introduce an estimable function approach for estimating the effects of age, period, and cohort. The method allows us to assess simultaneously the impacts of periods and cohorts on the age distribution of homicide offending. We find that although the age curve remains relatively stable, there are shifts in it associated systematically with cohort replacement. Cohort replacement accounts for nearly half of the upturn in youth homicides during the epidemic of youth homicides, but a significant fraction of that upturn is not associated with cohort replacement.

HPLC法测定百草枯急性中毒大鼠的体内分布

目的 应用高效液相色谱法对口服百草枯急性中毒大鼠体内分布进行测定。方法以200mg／kg剂量百草枯给予Wister大鼠灌胃,4h后脱臼处死,解剖取脑、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃、盲肠、肌肉等组织,应用固相萃取法提取,液相色谱法测定各器官组织中百草枯含量。结果各组织经检验,均检出百草枯;组织间百草枯含量（μg／g）相差明显,其中最高为胃（231．47±129．10）,其次为盲肠（87．08±39．86）、肺（22．73±10．20）,最低为心（2．01±0．36）。结论百草枯口服给药后组织分布较为广泛,除胃、肠外各脏器中以肺浓度最高。     

Rethinking food regime analysis: an essay on the temporal,spatial and scalar dimensions of the first food regime

This paper argues for the reconceptualisation of the first food regime. First, it situates the origin of the first food regime in 1846 with the repeal of the Corn Laws. Second, it suggests that the concept must be extended to other ‘moments’ of the circuit of capital. Third, it argues for a scalar shift in order to take into account national and subnational processes and dynamics. Problematising working conditions in the British baking industry c. 1830–1914, I demonstrate how relations of distribution were embedded in global value relations essential to the articulation and deployment of the first food regime.     

煤炭开采利益公平分配研究

长期以来,我国在资源开发尤其是煤炭开采中存在着利益冲突,这些冲突是由多方面的原因导致的,我国应构建煤炭开采利益分配新体系,以实现社会发展的实质公平。     

关于对利益受损职工补偿问题的思考

经济体制改革初期理论上的准备不足,使我们在公平与效率关系的认识上存在着片面性;既没有认识到效率与公平是不可分开的,又没有认识到效率不能长期脱离公平而独自提高,更不能自动转变为公平的实现.在改革的进程中,由于成本一收益的分布不对称,在社会上形成了改革受益和受损两个不同的利益群体.在今天社会财富有了较为丰富积累的前提下,对改革进程中的利益受损者,或者更准确地说对改革成本的承担者给予适量的补偿,是一件应该尽快提到议事日程的事情,也应是下一步经济体制改革的重要内容.     

Developing the Digital Content Industry in Taiwan

The average global annual growth rate of digital content products has grown exponentially. This is because of the technology advancement, cost reduction, and availability of the enabling technologies, e.g., digital processing, digital storage, and digital telecommunications. The development of the digital content industry (DCI) requires a strong cultural background, creative ideas, respect of intellectual property rights, and telecommunications infrastructure, which are all dependent on government supportive policies. This study summarizes the government policies, progress, and obstacles in the development of Taiwan's DCI and compares these subjects with other countries, including the United States, EU countries, Japan, and Korea. In this paper, Taiwan's DCI opportunities and challenges will be discussed, and strategies and recommendations will be provided, based on Taiwan's unique resources and competitive advantages.     

论消费欺诈诉讼案件证明难题的化解路径——以一个《最高人民法院公报》案例为样本的分析

消费欺诈诉讼案件中对欺诈事实的证明责任分配依规范说应由消费者承担,不应由法官裁量证明责任来改变法定的证明责任分配。法官自由裁量权应在证明评价与自由心证等环节加以运用。疑难案件的解决应坚持在严格遵循法定证明责任分配原则的基础上,通过司法实践生成诉讼证明的具体规则的路径来加以解决。     

中药生物的地理分布类型与优质、地道药材的优选模式

中药生物的生长、发育与生态环境密切相关,因光照、温度、湿度和空气等不同生态因子的影响而产生不同分布。优质、地道中药材具有独特的地理分布,是对综合生态因子最佳适应的结果。应用植物分类、植物生态及中药地理等多学科知识对我国优质、地道药材的分布规律进行探索,并根据地理分布将中药生物的分布分为同纬异经、同经异纬、异纬异经、特殊需求4种基本类型,确定同药单向优选、同药双向或多向优选、异药双向或多向优选、同药多选及随机点状优选等5种优选模式,同时涵盖了人工调节环境的地道药材分布扩展情况。通过中药生物的地理分布可探索地理因子对药材形成的影响,而药材优选模式的建立,为优质、地道药材的优选及同类药材的分化机制开辟一条新的探索途径,是从系统和整体角度探索中药的新思维和新方法。     

缺血性脑卒中患者发病节气与证型的相关性研究

目的 探究缺血性脑卒中发病节气与证型的相关性。方法 选取2021年天津中医药大学第一附属医院住院病历系统中4 838例缺血性脑卒中患者,使用频数分布统计法对其性别、年龄、发病节气、中医证型等信息进行分析,计算患者的发病日期对应的发病节气,然后分析缺血性脑卒中的发病节气与中医证型的相关性;使用圆形分布统计法探究发病节气、中医证型的高峰点。结果 4 838例患者中,男性3 233例（66.8%）,女性1 605例（33.2%）;60~69岁有1 814例（37.5%）,为发病人数最多的年龄段;阴虚动风证2 268例（46.9%）,风痰阻络证1 231例（25.4%）,两者为最常见的证型;清明为发病率最高的节气,总体发病节气无绝对高峰期,惊蛰为阴虚动风证发病高峰,小满为风痰阻络证发病高峰。结论 缺血性脑卒中患者男性多于女性,60~69岁年龄段发病人数最多,整体发病不存在绝对高峰节气,阴虚动风、风痰阻络两种证型的发病存在高峰期,阴虚动风证的发病高峰节气是惊蛰,风痰阻络证的发病高峰节气为小满,提示二十四节气内均可发病,重点人群要积极且持续的预防。     

从经济的国家调节到利益的社会再分配——经济法"三三理论"评析

经济法的法律部门性质及社会功能一直被持续性加以讨论,但是如果放宽视野,从经济体制改革所引起的中国社会深层次结构的变迁来看,经济法实际上深刻因应着中国三十年改革背景下如何妥善协调多元化的社会阶层分化主体的各自利益诉求,如何对改革中形成的失衡利益格局加以公平再分配。经济法需要秉持法律的基本品格即保障个人权利,但同时需要承负起社会公平调节的职责。从经济的国家调节到利益的社会再分配,正是漆多俊先生的一条曲折而清晰的思想路线。