试论城市道路交通的经济分析与管理

城市道路交通管理是现代城市发展的重大课题。抑制交通需求,扩大交遗供给,是城市道路交通管理的根本措施。也只有这样,才能从根本上解决城市道路交通所出现的拥塞问题。     

Determination of a newly encountered designer drug "p-methoxyethylamphetamine" and its metabolites in human urine and blood

A newly synthesized designer drug, para-methoxyethylamphetamine (PMEA) was unexpectedly detected in the postmortem specimens of fatality involving drug intoxication in 2005, Japan. For unequivocal identification, the isomeric discrimination of PMEA and its positional-isomers was performed by GC/MS with the trifluoroacetylation. In order to prove the intake of PMEA, the characteristic metabolites of PMEA were also identified by GC/MS analysis of the urine specimen with trifluoroacetylation. As a result, para-methoxyamphetamine, para-hydroxyethylamphetamine (POHEA) and para-hydroxyamphetamine were identified as the major metabolites of PMEA. For the quantitative analyses of PMEA and its three metabolites in body fluids, an automated column-switching LC/MS procedure was developed, and applied to the postmortem blood and urine specimens. In this fatal case, blood concentration of PMEA was estimated to be 12.2 microg/mL and this level seemed extremely high in comparison with lethal blood-levels of its analogues, representing acute-intoxication of the victim. Based on the quantitative results, PMEA was found to be extensively metabolized to POHEA via O-demethylation, partly followed by its conjugation.     

基于固定参数的汽车与行人碰撞计算机模拟实验

目的选定固定参数进行计算机模拟碰撞实验．分析不同车型、碰撞车速以及碰撞接触位置对事故过程及人体损伤情况的影响。方法基于多刚体动力学方法建立汽车（大客车、小客车、小轿车和货车）和人体模型,并按照不同碰撞车速（20、30、40、50和60km／h）和不同碰撞接触位置（行人正前方、侧方和正后方）进行模拟碰撞．分析碰撞运动过程以及生物力学响应情况（头部、颈部及下肢）。结果碰撞车型和碰撞接触位置一致的情况下碰撞过程相似（碰撞车速≤60km／h）．头部加速度、上颈部轴向受力以及下肢轴向受力呈现一定的生物力学响应规律。结论基于多刚体动力学方法的模拟碰撞技术研究可再现事故过程中人体的生物力学响应规律。     

深圳市道路交通事故死亡案例特点分析

目的探讨道路交通事故死亡案例特点,为预防事故的发生提供可靠信息和参考数据。方法按照死者性别、年龄、死亡原因、事故发生时间及地点、事故车辆类型等相关参数,对深圳市4184例道路交通事故死亡案例进行回顾性分析。结果事故死亡人员以男性为主,男女比例为2.45∶1;事故在6：00～8：00和18：00～2：00发生最多;72%的案例在城郊主干道发生;死者主要交通行为方式分别为步行占44%,自行车骑车人19%,摩托车驾车人15%;肇事车辆以货车为主;死亡原因83.2%为颅脑损伤死亡,13.3%为多发损伤。结论深圳地区道路交通事故死亡案件具有明显特点,具有可防范性。     

上海市道路交通事故受伤人员伤残分析

目的分析道路交通事故伤残的特征,为制定和修改伤残鉴定标准和相关法规提供参考。方法对上海市因道路交通事故受伤,2005年经法医评定构成伤残的案例资料进行回顾性分析。结果伤残部位以肢体最多（53.3%）,其次为头部（23.3%）,脊柱（9.7%）,胸部（5.8%）和腹部（4.4%）。2005年上海市交通事故年累积致残率为414.8/10万,男性（505.7/10万）高于女性（318.7/10万）,以35～59岁的致残率最高（538.2/10万）,60岁以上致残率呈现下降趋势（30.2/10万）。伤残者中交通方式以非机动车最多,其次为行人。结论2005年上海市道路交通伤致残率青壮年（35～59岁）最高,对社会经济和劳动力损失大。     

应用Young-Burgess分型推断交通事故受伤人员骨盆损伤机制

目的根据骨盆骨折X线片Young-Burgess分型推断道路交通事故致死者（roadtrafficfatalities,RTFs）骨盆损伤机制,并探讨其法医学应用价值。方法回顾性分析128例车外成人RTFs尸体骨盆X线片的Young-Burgess分型,根据分型推断骨盆损伤机制,对照真实案情进行统计分析。结果可区分APC、LC亚型的推断骨盆损伤机制正确率（94.1%、92.9%）明显高于不区分亚型的（63.6%、70.7%）（P〈0.05）;区分LC亚型还能进一步推断后侧方、前侧方或是持续、较大的前侧方外力。结论综合各种影像手段区分Young-Burgess亚型可较好地推断骨盆损伤机制,为道路交通事故现场重建提供可靠依据。     

社会风险的容忍边界——闹市飙车肇事案的刑法反应

秩序共同体成员为了追求生活的便利忍受交通工具可能带来的风险,这是效率与安全两种价值之间的协调。个体不恰当地使用交通工具会对秩序共同体构成更大的安全威胁,当这种危险超过必要的限度,刑法就会做出反应。在成熟的法治国家,刑法会以梯度的方式做出反应。当倾向于追求安全时,刑法干预的前置应当是风险社会合适的选择。     

THE APPLE DOESN'T FALL FAR FROM THE TREE (OR DOES IT?): INTERGENERATIONAL PATTERNS OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR—THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CRIMINOLOGY 2008 SUTHERLAND ADDRESS*

There is a growing literature on intergenerational studies of antisocial behavior and a growing understanding of the unique contributions they are likely to make. At the same time, the field has yet to agree on core design features for intergenerational study. In this article, I propose a set of defining design elements that all intergenerational studies should meet and I discuss the advantages of these studies for enhancing our understanding of the onset and course of delinquent careers. I then use data from the ongoing Rochester Intergenerational Study to illustrate these points and the potential yield of intergenerational studies. In particular, I examine intergenerational continuities in antisocial behavior and school disengagement, test the cycle of violence hypothesis to see whether a history of maltreatment increases the likelihood of perpetration of maltreatment, and estimate a structural equation model to help identify mediating pathways that link parents and children with respect to antisocial behavior.     

Toluene-Impaired Drivers: Behavioral Observations, Impairment Assessment, and Toxicological Findings

Abstract:  Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent frequently abused for its euphoric and intoxicating properties. This report describes a series of six cases involving drivers arrested for driving under the influence who subsequently tested positive for toluene. Case data including driving behavior, physiological signs and symptoms, evidence of impairment, and toxicology findings were reviewed. Blood toluene concentrations in the drivers ranged from 12 to 45 mg/L (median 23 mg/L, mean 25 mg/L, SD 12.1 mg/L). All drivers were determined to be intoxicated, and displayed symptoms including balance problems, confusion and disorientation, loss of coordination, and inability to follow instructions. They also displayed horizontal but not vertical nystagmus, elevated pulse and blood pressure, and lower body temperature. These findings are consistent with prior reports that subjects with blood toluene concentrations above 10 mg/L are invariably under the influence and their driving skills are affected.     

A Phenomenological and Grounded Theory Study of Women’s Experiences in Drug Court: Informing Practice Through a Gendered Lens

Drug courts have been a growing part of the criminal justice system since 1989. This qualitative study adds to the existing literature by developing an in-depth understanding of drug court from a woman’s (N?=?25) perspective. Phenomenology and grounded theory guided the data collection and analysis, resulting in three themes. First, the women found the drug court team to be compassionate and empathetic, which they reported supported them in being successful in the program. Second, the majority of women reported histories of trauma and felt that the drug court could be improved by offering them more resources to treat their trauma. Third, the majority of women reported being single mothers and they shared examples of how being a single parent was a challenge to being successful in the drug court. Implications for drug court practice are discussed.