Models of Voter Behavior in Traditional and Evolving Democracies

ABSTRACT

The data of Polish, Slovenian, and U.S. political elections have been analyzed according to Newman's model of voter's choice behavior (Newman & Sheth 1985; Newman 1999). The results of the research were interpreted with the methodology of structural equations, where cognitive domains, the media, and the emotional feelings toward the candidates were variables in mutual cause-and-effect relationships. The results of the analyses demonstrated the differences in the importance of the media for the election process. In established democracies like in the U.S. the media play an important role as independent means of delivering information, while in evolving democracies media are not independent and are oftentimes used by the competing political sides as an element in electoral battles. The article also presents proposals for studying voter behaviors within constructivist and realistic paradigms as well as some suggestions for marketing practice.     

Electoral Democracy during Wartime: The 2004 U.S. Election

The U.S. election of 2004 affords an opportunity to investigate how wartime affects presidential voting. The conventional wisdom is that wartime presidents always get reelected, but previous studies have not examined how citizens' attitudes on the war affect their voting. The papers in this special issue investigate this process, looking at how attitudes on the Iraq War, the larger War on Terrorism, and the so-called cultural war affected attitudes toward the presidential candidates and voting. The studies use a wide variety of datasets and survey questions, showing that the different aspects of the war resonate with different voters and that some of the effects of wartime are indirect through increasing the salience of leadership in the election. Wartime presidents do not get reelected automatically; they have had success in reelection because of how they use the war to build an image that can get them reelected.

列宁论法官的选任

作为国家司法机构的法院和法院职能执行者的法官是基于阶级的分化、社会分工和纠纷解决的需要而产生的。进入社会主义，社会主体之间的利益之争仍然客观存在，有纷争就需要有承担裁判案件和定纷止争使命的法官。作为社会主义事业的开创者，列宁对于社会主义法官存在的必要性以及法官的任职资格、任职形式和任职期限作了详细的论述。列宁认为，作为国家专门裁决纠纷的职业阶层，法官在社会主义阶段仍然有其存在的历史必要性；法官应当是从人民群众中选举出的具有法律专业知识和实际修养的职业阶层；为了防止法官专断和擅权，主张废除法官终身制，实行社会主义的法官任期制。     

A Semicolon,Not a Full Stop

正Ukraine’s new president faces big challenges in managing both domestic affairs and relations with Russia Ukrainian candy tycoon Petro Poroshenko’s presidential election victory was unsurpris-ing.What did come as a surprise,however,was that it happened in     

完善党内民主选举的保障机制

实现并完善党内选举是推进党内民主的基础环节和根本体现，是以党内民主带动人民民主的内在要求。完善党内民主选举的保障机制是由条件保障机制、制度保障机制和程序保障机制组成的多层次复合结构。在党内选举实践中，积极建构并完善“多维一体”的保障机制并使之发挥积极作用，是增强党内选举成效、实现党的建设科学化、全面推进党的建设伟大工程的内在要求。     

规范党支部换届选举中党员行为的思考

市场经济条件下,基层党支部换届选举中显露出开放性和竞争性、隐蔽性和不确定性、价值性和多元性特点。党员行为的多样化对于加强和改善党的领导既有积极的一面,又有消极的一面,必须进行有效调控。调控的主要原则有客观性原则、价值导向原则、竞争规范化原则;调控的途径主要有自律与他律两大类。     

论陕甘宁边区的选举制度——兼论其在抗日民主政治建设中的作用

抗战时期，中国共产党在陕甘宁边区大力推进民主选举，推行普遍、平等、直接、无记名的选举原则，实行竞选和“三三制”选举政策，不仅有力推进了边区的民主政治建设，大大提高了中国共产党的威望，而且对全民抗战的发动和支持，对中国政治走向光明的前途都产生了重要影响。     

从权力来源的角度看乡村基层党组织选举方式的创新

近年来，中国大陆的乡村基层选举开启了基层民主化的进程，出现了“公推直选”“两推一选”“公推竞选”“两票推选，交叉兼任”等形式多样的选举方式。基层党组织把这种选举方式引入到党的换届选举中，引起了学术界的关注。本文从权力来源的角度分析基层党组织民主选举方式的创新。     

Back in Contention? The Conservatives' Electoral Prospects

This article assesses whether the Conservatives are likely to be serious contenders for power at the next British general election. First it assesses how well the party will have to do to 'win' the election. Second, it considers whether the record of the polls since 2005 suggests the party is capable of securing the necessary support. Third, the article assesses whether the ideological mood of the electorate has moved closer to the Conservatives since 2005. Finally it considers whether the image of the party has improved.
The Conservatives are likely to have to outpoll Labour by a considerable margin to become the largest party but their record in opinion polls suggests they could achieve this. The ideological mood of the electorate has moved closer to the party, while David Cameron is a relatively popular leader. But the party has still not fully restored its reputation for economic competence.     

民事程序选择权的正当性分析

导源于程序主体性原则的民事程序选择权在推行市场经济和实施依法治国方略的今天,具有重大意义。文章在阐释了民事程序选择权的含义之后,从其理论基础、价值透视以及制约因素方面,深入地分析了民事程序选择权的正当性。