Overview of: “Crime Place and Pollution: Expanding Crime Reduction Options Through a Regulatory Approach”

Research Summary Crime reduction policy has focused almost exclusively on offenders. Recent studies and evaluations show that expanding our policy portfolio to include places may be highly productive. We show that there is considerable research showing that crime is concentrated at a relatively few locations, that high-crime places are stable, that changing places can reduce crime, that displacement is not only far from inevitable but also less likely than the diffusion of crime prevention benefits, and that owners of high-crime places can be held accountable for the criminogenic conditions of their locations. We link these findings to environmental policy, where environmental scientists, economists, and regulators have developed a broad set of regulatory options. The core of this article describes a portfolio of environmental policy instruments directly applicable to crime places. We also discuss major decisions local governments will need to make to implement various forms of regulation, and we list challenges that governments must anticipate in planning for such implementation. We argue that a regulatory approach to crime places has the potential to lower the cost to taxpayers of reducing crime by shifting costs from governments to the relatively few place owners whose actions create crime-facilitating conditions. Policy Implications Taking a regulatory approach to crime places substantially expands the crime policy options under consideration. Regulatory options may increase local governments’ effectiveness at reducing crime while reducing governments’ costs. This is because regulatory approaches have the potential to shift some portion of the financial burden for crime fighting to owners of criminogenic locations. Policy makers can select between means-based anticrime regulations that focus on how place owners manage their locations and ends-based regulations that focus on the number of crimes allowed at places. Both of these approaches contain several alternative regulatory instruments, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Experimenting with various regulatory instruments could lead to the development of a range of new crime reduction policies. In addition, a regulatory approach has implications for the funding of policy research. Means-based regulatory instruments require governments to develop evidence that the means they regulate have the desired impact on crime. Ends-based regulatory instruments shift this burden to the regulated places.     

中国环境法治的历史、现状与走向——中国环境法治30年之评析

1978年以来，中国的环境立法、环境执法、环境司法、环境守法、环境参与和环境法律监督工作取得了巨大的成就。1997年国家正式提出依法治国方略後，中国的环境保护工作正式走向法治化的轨道。目前，无论是从环节上，还是从整体的判断指标上分析，或者从实效上评估，都说明中国的环境法制架构已经基本形成。符合科学发展观和生态文明要求的环境友好型和资源节约型环境法治工作正在完善之中。完善的措施既包括立法完善工作，还包括执法、司法、守法、参与和监督环节的体制、制度和机制的创新工作。     

创建“养护者受益”环保法基本原则

“公地的悲剧”自英国的“圈地运动”始得以有效遏制,而保持公地基本制度下的环境保护也仍然在赋予公民无可辩驳的义务与责任之中持续着各种形式的环保投资,可实践证明形式的多样性和不啬资财并未能有效地阻止自然生态环境的持续恶化。究其根源,无不与公地基本制度和法律层面除私有化之外,一直没有公地独特的接纳或认可私权内在的权义对等所需求的基本原则和制度有关。在市场经济条件下,承认并保护公地之上私人为环保所付出劳动和养护投入所获得的权益至关重要,为此,拟创设“养护者受益”环保法基本原则,来弥补公地自然生态环境保护忽视私权关怀之严重缺陷,以期阻止“公地的悲剧”的延续。     

也谈环境伦理学“真理化”的批判——公共领域的环境伦理问题研究之一

有学者撰文对环境伦理学进行批判,指出它是浪漫主义、西方主义、虚无主义的化身;在法学界,其"真理化"倾向比较严重,使环境法学者脱离社会现实,不利于中国环境法律建构与环保实践。笔者认为环境伦理学并没有"真理化"的自我标榜,其本身具有存在的正当性与合理性;在论证逻辑方面,"自然主义谬误"问题的消解补充了其逻辑缺陷;在道德法律化、法律道德化日益凸出的背景下,环境伦理学促进了环境法学由"浅绿色"到"深绿色"的转变。同时,在环保实践方面使人们学会了"伦理生存"。     

论毛泽东与中国工人阶级和工会

毛泽东同志历来十分关注工人阶级、工人运动和工会工作 ,在这方面有一系列重要论述和指示。本文论述了他领导工人运动的光辉实践 ,概括了他对工人阶级和工会理论的主要贡献。     

论西部开发中的环境犯罪预防

西部是保障我国生态环境安全的要害地区,西部环境保护涉及整个中华民族的生存和发展。在市场经济条件下,西部经济开发与环境犯罪预防之间存在诸多冲突,西部脆弱的环境受到环境犯罪的严重威胁。采取新的环境犯罪预防战略,建立和完善有效的环境犯罪预防机制是走出西部开发中环境犯罪预防困境的出路。     

近代法治信念是怎样形成的:一个思想史的考察

中国思想界对于法治的信念,是在19世纪中晚期孕育与萌生的。这个过程体现了中国思想界对于固有文明秩序的重建。从思想史的角度上看,法治信念的形成经历了三个阶段:在19世纪中期,思想界出现了对于传统文明秩序的质疑与批判,这是法治信念诞生的精神前提;洋务运动期间,思想界关注的焦点从工商救国逐渐转向议会救国,这是法治信念形成的经济与政治提前;甲午中日战争加重了中国文明秩序的危机,促成了从根本上改弦更张的时代要求,以民主立法、政府守法为核心的对于现代法治的信念终于形成。     

论环境侵权责任不以“行为违法性”为要件

环境侵权责任是私法调整手段在环境保护领域的运用。构成要件是确定环境侵权责任的依据，通观目前我国学界对环境侵权责任构成要件的争论，其聚焦点主要是污染环境的行为是否必须具有违法性。从我国相关法学理论、现有法律规定及司法实践中可以看出：“行为违法性”不应成为环境侵权责任的构成要件。     

北京市控制大气污染第二阶段目标与措施

北京市政府为巩固治理大气污染阶段性成果,进一步控制大气污染,从1999年3月至9月底作为控制大气污染的第二阶段,制订了28项措施。     

西方反对血汗工厂运动对中国构建和谐社会的启示

西方反对血汗工厂运动给中国构建和谐社会的启示是:塑造中国媒体敢于直面问题的媒体形象,形成全社会关注"血汗工厂"问题的舆论氛围.政府要在全社会开展"绿色生产链"行动,强化对公司责任的监管力度.中国的企业要打造公司责任"软实力"以获取这张继续参与当今经济全球化的门票.要练好内功,深化企业责任的本土化实践.要着眼长远,有步骤地引导中国公司逐步与现行国际规则接轨,坚决支持条件成熟的公司"走出去".