REDEMPTION IN THE PRESENCE OF WIDESPREAD CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS*

Criminal background checks have now become ubiquitous because of advances in information technology and growing concerns about employer liability. Also, a large number of individual criminal records have accumulated and have been computerized in state repositories and commercial databases. As a result, many ex‐offenders seeking employment could be haunted by a stale record. Recidivism probability declines with time “clean,” so some point in time is reached when a person with a criminal record, who remained free of further contact with the criminal justice system, is of no greater risk than a counterpart of the same age—an indication of redemption from the mark of crime. Very little information exists on this measure of time until redemption and on how its value varies with the crime type and the offender's age at the time of the earlier event. Using data from a state criminal‐history repository, we estimate the declining hazard of rearrest with time clean. We first estimate a point of redemption as the time when the hazard intersects the age–crime curve, which represents the arrest risk for the general population of the same age. We also estimate another similar redemption point when the declining hazard comes “sufficiently close” to the hazard of those who have never been arrested. We estimate both measures of redemption as a function of the age and the crime type of the earlier arrest. These findings aid in the development of guidelines for the users of background checking and in developing regulations to enhance employment opportunities for ex‐offenders.     

口述史学在中国革命史研究中的功用——以井冈山斗争史口述史料的整理与运用为例

口述史学方法,在中国革命史研究领域运用较多,发挥了一定的研究功用,如井冈山斗争史口述史料的收集与利用就获得了颇为丰硕的研究成果。新史学与历史叙事学的繁荣发展客观上需要史学界更为重视口述史学研究,为历史学的多元化发展提供条件。     

《吕刑》在中国法律史上的地位与影响

《吕刑》所反映的德刑并举治国思维及刑法制度与原则,直接或间接地影响着后世刑法的构建。在法律思想方面,后世社会的明刑弼教、乱世重典及贤人执法理念与《吕刑》有渊源关系,在法律制度,古老的五刑、五听与赎刑也是后世同类制度的嚆矢。《吕刑》中关于上下比罪、简孚有众、其刑上备等定罪量刑原则又分别成为后世的类推、据众证定罪及重罪吸收轻罪等制度的示范。     

中国法治进程中的法律史学（1978—2008）

在1978—2008年的30年中国法治进程中,法律史学发挥了重要作用。它从此前的薄弱基础出发,借改革开放之春风,观照历史服务现实,成为中国法治30年进程初期的显学,为法制建设提供了及时的思想资源与理论支持;随后,它鉴往观今,深入总结历史经验,继续助推法治进程。同时,它传承学术、推陈出新,提升品质、深化研究,使法律史学科得以迅速发展。展望未来,我们有理由相信,经过30年的努力和累积,中国的法律史学将有更加辉煌的前景。     

建国以来中国共产党“正确处理人民内部矛盾理论”的探索、传承与创新完善

人民内部矛盾理论是毛泽东哲学思想研究的重要内容。以邓小平、江泽民、胡锦涛为代表的中央领导集体,在改革开放的新的历史条件下,创造性地丰富和发展了毛泽东关于人民内部矛盾的学说,使党关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的理论和实践达到了新的境界和新的水平。     

马克思恩格斯创立唯物史观的早期思想轨迹

19世纪中叶,马克思恩格斯创立了马克思主义哲学这一真正的科学世界观,马克思称之为“新唯物主义”。这是以实践为基础的彻底的唯物主义世界观。马克思恩格斯将唯物主义的原则彻底地贯彻到历史领域,创立了历史唯物主义即唯物史观,其思想闪耀在马克思恩格斯创立唯物史观早期的很多著作之中,这些著述清晰地展示了唯物史观形成的思想轨迹,为马克思恩格斯唯物史观发展研究提供了完整的线索。     

Authors’ Rights As An Instrument Of Control: An Overview Of The Ideas Of Authorship And Authors’ Rights In Socialist Yugoslavia,And How These Ideas Did Not Change To Reflect The Ideals Of The Socialist Revolution

The purpose of this paper is to show, using the example of socialist Yugoslavia, how and why authors’ rights laws were applied in a socialist regime relying on the same rhetoric of ownership and individualism that marked their use in the capitalist West. In this way, Yugoslav laws have served us as an excuse to examine the connection between rights guaranteed by the legal apparatus and a type of control over creative processes that these rights make possible. Since it is a fact that both single-party socialism and pluralist capitalism have employed the same concept of authors’ rights and authorship, it is our claim that the two systems have been and are equally interested in limiting creative freedom by means of property derived from authors’ rights. To the extent to which Yugoslav legislative, political, cultural, and ideological practice borrowed from the Soviet variety of socialism, we will consider examples from that tradition as well, treating it as the strictest incarnation of Marxism in Europe.

中国近代“法理学”、“法律哲学”名词考述

在中国,"法理"古已有之。但"法理学"、"法律哲学"名词则自域外传入,并为中国法学家所广泛认知与界定。总体而言,不仅存在着"法理学"与"法律哲学"概念的错混,而且在实质上,"法理学"理论的发展,比"法律哲学"更见成效。     

In Search of the Responsible Subject: History, Philosophy and Social Sciences in Criminal Law Theory

This paper examines the way in which English criminal law's conception of responsibility has changed since the eighteenth century, and explores the relationship between changes in legal framework, changes in processes of criminalisation and punishment, and broader social, political and economic changes. It argues that the development of ideas of individual responsibility for crime are responses to problems of co-ordination and legitimation faced by systems of criminal law, and that these problems can be expected to change according to the environment in which the system operates, with important factors including the distribution of political interests and economic power; the prevailing cultural and intellectual environment; the organisation and status of relevant professional groups and the vigour of alternative means of social ordering. Substantively, the paper explores the hypothesis that criminal responsibility has shifted from a conception founded in ideas of character to a capacity-based conception over the relevant period. Methodologically, the aim is to historicise the structure as well as the content of criminal law within a socio-theoretic framework, constructing a dialogue between criminal law theory of a doctrinal and philosophical temper and socio-historical studies of criminal justice.     

汉语外来词摭谈

汉语吸收外来词有着悠久的历史.随着汉语的不断发展,被吸收进来的外来词越来越多.吸收外来词,主要有音译和音加意译两种方法;一些多意词则根据其语境而定.但不论采取哪种方法,都应遵守汉语语言规范,符合我们民族的语言习惯.