历史学的社会适应问题探析

为了使历史学更好地适应社会,历史学走向大众,历史教育与研究也趋于社会化,但在将历史学推向社会的过程中也产生了诸多问题,因此,历史学适应社会要有正确的方向。     

小中见大——烟画艺术

烟画不仅是一种商业促销手段,也是各类文化大众化传播的一种途径。烟画的作用如下:引进西方文明直观形象认识世界,推广科普教育提高人们的文化知识,商业广告宣传作用。     

Laboratories of Statehood: Legal Intervention in Colonial Africa and Today

The immense body of contemporary work aimed at ‘promoting the rule of law’ is often accused of ‘neo‐imperialism’. Yet, despite many points of contiguity between past and present legal interventions, the charge is overbroad and rarely illuminating. This article attempts to move beyond polemic to track concrete historical and structural forerunners of today's rule of law work. Focusing mainly (though not exclusively) on late imperial British endeavours, it traces colonial legal interventions over time, the techniques adopted (and rejected), the shifting normative bases of legitimacy, and moments of strategic recalibration in the face of resistance. Three broad attitudes towards law across the period are (provisionally) characterised as ‘regulative’, ‘constitutive’ and ‘institutive’ moments. In each phase, the Powers treat colonial territories as laboratories of statehood, within which experiments are conducted to locate the optimal configuration of law. In conclusion some counterparts to these moments in today's ‘rule of law’ activities are identified.     

The Impact of the USSR on Lithuania's Domestic Policy and Its International Orientation in the Third Decade of the Twentieth Century

This article investigates links between domestic and foreign policy, topics which are usually discussed rather than analyzed in any detail. The case of the USSR and Lithuania is taken as an historical example of the impact of the external factor on domestic policy, and an attempt is made to elucidate how the Soviets tried to influence and correct Lithuania's policy in the inter-war period by providing financial assistance to parties and their press. In this way they sought to set Lithuania against Poland and fuel the conflict between them, so that they would not become reconciled, would not create the so-called Baltic Union with Latvia, Estonia and Finland and would not orient themselves to the West. Using financial and other levers of secret policy, the Soviets contributed significantly to pushing the pro-Western Christian Democratic Party away from power in Lithuania so that the Nationalists, who sought to establish closer relations with the USSR, came to be established. The overseas financing of parties which remained unknown to the public distorted the political process of Lithuania and hindered the maturing of social awareness.     

Ottoman apprentices and their experiences

Abstract

In this article, I analyze craft and trade apprentices in the late Ottoman Empire in order to add a new dimension to the existing literature on guilds and artisans. Rather than presenting an ideal picture, I discuss the apprentices' actions and experiences, which I argue did not take place in isolation.

First, I briefly discuss Ottoman guilds and artisans, including a literature review, define and explain both the system of apprenticeship and who apprentices were.

After focusing on the dialectical relationship between the upper and lower ranks, which presented itself through the authority - obedience or autonomy - disobedience relationship, I explain how the lower rank attempted to gain autonomy. I also question whether guild harmony was real or not and explore how some apprentices changed the direction of their life path, away from mastership to something else entirely. The hidden and unhidden resistance of apprentices will be shown through acts of theft, assault with a knife, and absconding, and through survival strategies which included running away. In the final part of the article, I describe how new institutions filled the gap left by the traditional guild system, which had been on the decline since the nineteenth century.     

安徽芜期中医业发展史

解放前,芜湖中医业主要体现于名老中医及其思想,当时在芜湖地界行医的名老中医主要有顾世澄、李少白等人。解放后,政府将分散行医的名老中医资源加以整合,组建芜湖市中医联合诊所、芜湖市中医师公会、芜湖市中医学会,以发挥他们的整体效益优势。进入21世纪,芜湖市政府加大对中医业现代化体系的整体培育,安徽中医药高等专科学校附属医院芜湖市中医医院、安徽中医药高等专科学校第二附属医院、皖南医学院弋矶山医院中医科、芜湖新安中医医院等目前正呈现出蒸蒸日上的势头,为芜湖中医事业的兴盛作出了重大贡献。     

PAROLEE RECIDIVISM IN CALIFORNIA: THE EFFECT OF NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT AND SOCIAL SERVICE AGENCY CHARACTERISTICS*

We studied a sample of reentering parolees in California in 2005–2006 to examine whether the social structural context of the census tract, as well as nearby tracts, along with the relative physical closeness of social service providers affects serious recidivism resulting in imprisonment. We found that a 1 standard deviation increase in the presence of nearby social service providers (within 2 miles) decreases the likelihood of recidivating 41 percent and that this protective effect was particularly strong for African American parolees. This protective effect was diminished by overtaxed services (as proxied by potential demand). We found that higher concentrated disadvantage and social disorder (as measured by bar and liquor store capacity) in the tract increases recidivism and that higher levels of disadvantage and disorder in nearby tracts increase recidivism. A 1 standard deviation increase in the concentrated disadvantage of the focal neighborhood and the surrounding neighborhoods increases the likelihood of recidivating by 26 percent. The findings suggest that the social context to which parolees return (both in their own neighborhood and in nearby neighborhoods), as well as the geographic accessibility of social service agencies, play important roles in their successful reintegration.     

树立正确的党史观不断提升领导能力

作为执政党的领导干部，大到治国平天下，小到修身齐家，都离不开从历史中汲取营养。树立正确的党史观，有助于领导干部推动马克思主义的理论创新；提高驾驭社会发展方向的能力；有助于认识和把握“三大规律”，提高领导中国特色社会主义建设的能力；有助于提高制定正确的路线、方针、政策的能力；有助于提高辨别善恶是非和维护社会主义意识形态安全以及国土安全的能力。树立正确的党史观，对加强领导干部自身建设具有重要的时代意义，有助于领导干部牢固树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观；提高领导社会主义精神文明建设的能力；加强党的先进性建设，提高党的执政能力和领导水平。     

延安时期毛泽东与中共党史研究

延安时期是中国共产党成立以来比较系统地开展党史研究的第一个高峰期。毛泽东从总结历史经验,加强党的建设的战略高度出发,十分重视中共党史的研究工作,不仅积极倡导全党大兴学习党史之风,而且在理论上和实践上,对如何进行中共党史研究进行了许多深入思考和积极探索,在中共党史研究方面作出了开拓性的贡献。     

新世纪对中国法律史研究的期盼

中国法律史研究工作的改进,在理论上,必须坚持历史唯物主义,如实确认法律史是人类解放自身的历史,是中国法制的民主性与科学性不断发展、不断增强的历史;在技术操作层面上,必须全面地收集资料并严格考证.