我国现行户籍制度的弊端及对策思考

随着市场经济的发展,“城乡二元分割”的户籍管理制度弊病日益凸现。克服弊端的对策是:强化户籍管理基础性工作;建立城乡统一的户口登记制度;加快户籍管理立法步伐;积极调整户口迁移政策;从以户口为中心的静态管理逐步向以人为中心的动态管理过渡;提高户籍管理科技含量等。户籍制度改革呈现渐进性、步骤性和非物质化的特点。     

论迁徙自由

迁徙自由是现代社会公民的一项基本权利 ,当今世界大多数国家的宪法和国际公约中都有对迁徙自由权的规定。由于种种原因 ,我国现行宪法并没有规定这一权利 ,并且在现实中 ,这一权利还受到户籍等制度的极大限制。笔者认为 ,实现迁徙自由 ,是市场经济的客观要求 ,是经济持续增长和现代化的迫切需要 ,也是实现社会公平和履行国际公约的要求 ,我国宪法应及早恢复迁徙自由权 ,同时采取有效措施来保障这一基本人权的实施。     

宋代乡村户意识形态研究

缘于精英层对程朱理学的误读,致使不少人对宋代社会观念存有曲解。五代时期的纷争,土地私有制的风行,已使人们的头脑中充满了利欲的观念。就乡村户而言,其意识形态突出地表现为以下三种:1 追末逐利,诚信孝悌的朴素伦理式微;2 富求贵,贫求富心态;3 重鬼神、祭祖,轻法度心理。宋代乡村户中普遍存在的这三种具有代表性的意识形态是宋代经济、社会变动的反映,它具有中国前近代乡村民众意识形态的共性,又鲜明地体现着有宋一代的时代特点。     

中国户籍制度与城市化进程的反思

中国户籍制度像一道不可逾越的鸿沟,将中国分为泾渭分明的两大块:城市社会和农村社会。由此,强化二元经济结构,延缓了城市化进程。当前要加快城市化发展步伐,统筹城乡发展,建设和谐社会,必须改革现行户籍制度,但时下尚有人士对改革户籍制度疑虑重重,担忧引发“城市病”。这种观点不仅理论上缺乏科学依据,而且实践中将有碍户籍制度改革和“三农”问题的解决,进而影响城市化进程。     

夫妻共有不动产项下隐名共有人的保护

由于婚后所得共同所有制的广泛适用,登记在夫妻一方名下的不动产,在其成为夫妻共有财产时,另一方的共有权未能在不动产登记中得以体现,因此,出现了隐名的共有人。由于《婚姻法》上日常家事代理权的范围不够明确,加上《物权法》上善意取得制度的适用,这种隐名共有权难以对抗交易第三人。为了解决此困境,一方面,应将日常家事限于为家庭生活需求的事务;另一方面,有必要在不动产登记事项中增加夫妻财产制类型的备案制度,以解决隐名共有人和相关权利人的权利的失衡问题。     

Collateral Damage: The Impact of Mortgage Debt on U.S. Savings

This article contributes to the literature on saving by empirically investigating the determinants of the saving rate in the United States, with a special focus on the role of mortgage debt. Using data from 1987 to 2013, we find that mortgage payments have a substantial negative impact on both personal and private saving rates in the United States. An increase of 10 percentage points in mortgage payments leads to a 9.1-percentage-point drop in the personal saving rate and a 12.4-percentage-point drop in the private saving rate. In addition, including mortgage debt as an explanatory variable leads to significant changes in the impact of other variables, which further reinforces our claim that mortgage debt is important for the analysis of the saving rate. Comparing mortgage payments with nonmortgage consumer debt payments, we find that mortgage payments have a larger impact on the private saving rate whereas nonmortgage consumer debt payments have a larger impact on the personal saving rate. We also find a partial but robust crowding-out effect of public saving rate on the two saving rates. Our results have implications for monetary policy and government policies that encourage mortgage borrowing.     

户籍制度改革的经济学分析及路径探索

户籍制度关系到公民个人的基本权利以及劳动力资源的有效配置.中国城乡分隔的户籍制度是农村剩余劳动力不能及时转移到城镇从而造成农业劳动生产率低下的重要原因.自改革开放以来,中国一直在进行户籍制度改革,但进展并不顺利,这与人们的一些认识误区有关.为此,本研究对户籍制度改革进行经济学分析,进而对改革路径进行探索.研究认为:城镇...     

2000年以来户籍制度改革的基本评估与政策分析——21世纪以来中国城镇化进程中的户籍制度改革问题研究之一

中国城乡二元户籍制度的建立和形成,是新中国第一波工业化的产物.虽然在历史上曾支持了中国工业化的最初起步,但付出的社会成本极大,既显失公平,也丧失了效益,违背了现代化发展的一般规律和社会主义的平等原则.在保障实施重工业优先发展的工业化战略的同时,也迟滞了城市化的进程,形成了社会城乡二元结构的诸多深层次问题.在中国改革开放后,随着市场经济为导向的第二波工业化进程的推进,城镇化步骤加快,对城乡二元户籍制度形成了强烈的冲击.进入21世纪以来,中国的发展水平已达到了工业化中期.在推进第三波工业化过程中,作为城镇化战略的重要内容,国家进一步推动了城镇户籍改革,并取得了突破性的进展,城镇化和工业化的发展落差渐趋平衡.随着户籍改革的深入,在户籍制度背后的一些深层次问题也逐步显性化了,涉及方方面面的利益调整.因此,户籍改革必须在统筹兼顾中稳步推进,与新农村建设的城乡政策相配套,全面破除城乡二元结构的利益壁垒.     

家务劳动再分配的政策探索——日本“高龄女性贫困”问题的反思

进入深度老龄化社会的日本,"高龄女性贫困"的倾向日渐凸显。究其政策原因,在于长期以来优先对经济发展投资,将育儿养老等再生产领域的社会支出压缩到最低限度。由此形成的男性参与社会经济活动从事有酬劳动、女性承担再生产领域的家务劳动从事无酬劳动的格局,虽然使日本创造了快速经济发展的奇迹,但其代价是牺牲了一代女性参与政治、经济、社会活动的权利与机遇,并引发了当前的"高龄女性贫困"问题。近年来,日本注重探索家务劳动再分配政策路径,通过推进男女机会平等政策改革,提高家庭福利水平,改善女性劳动环境,防止"高龄女性贫困"问题继续蔓延。     

The effect of household corrosive substances on latent fingermark development in the context of deliberate corrosive substance attacks

Corrosive substance attacks (CSA) are a prevalent issue in the UK with 525 offenses involving a corrosive substance reported to the police in the year ending March 2022. Easy availability, low cost, and concealability in public are common reasons for choosing a corrosive substance as a weapon. The Metropolitan Police revealed that 68% of 1849 CSA cases resulted in no suspect identified or evidential difficulties. There is limited research into the effect of corrosive substances on latent fingermarks. This study aimed to determine the potential for fingermarks to be recovered from surfaces exposed to a household corrosive substance within the context of a deliberate CSA. Natural and sebaceous-loaded fingermarks were exposed to Domestos bleach, Harpic limescale remover (hydrochloric acid-based) and lemon juice. Harpic limescale remover had the most detrimental effect, with only 7.1% of fingermarks (n = 378) exposed being identifiable (defined as sufficient clear ridge detail for identification) after enhancement, followed by bleach with only 10.3% of fingermarks (n = 378) identifiable. Lemon juice had the least detrimental effect on fingermarks, with 40.5% fingermarks (n = 378) identifiable compared to 53.4% for the controls (not exposed to any substance; n = 378). Throughout the study, fewer natural fingermarks were identifiable after exposure to corrosive substances compared to sebaceous fingermarks which was as expected. Overall, this study demonstrated that there is potential to recover latent fingermarks, depending on their composition, following exposure to a household corrosive substance. This area warrants further research to establish best practice to maximize the potential to recover identifiable fingermarks.