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11.
《Japan Forum》2012,24(1):133-156
Abstract This article presents a preliminary examination of the municipal mergers of the Heisei era as the process unfolded in one rural prefecture in advance of the deadline of March 2006. The article opens by contextualizing the arguments for municipal mergers and the reality of mergers in other settings. A brief history of past periods of municipal mergers in Japan is provided and then the case for Aomori Prefecture, a rural and highly peripheral prefecture of northern Honshu, is examined. Using municipal PR materials, a sector analysis approach focusing on government, municipality and resident and coverage in the local media as the means to examine the process and issues of the mergers, the article concludes by questioning if mergers are necessary and, now that mergers are a reality, if the objectives which mergers are to achieve are locally meaningful to much of rural Japan. 相似文献
12.
《Japan Forum》2012,24(2):189-203
Abstract Japanese women's history has been regarded as marginal to historical investigation for a long time. The subject hardly existed before 1945 and even after that date many academic historians were reluctant to accept women's history as a part of Japanese history. However, the social and political climate of the 1980s in particular, favourable in many ways to women, gave opportunities for Japanese women's historiography to promote itself and also brought the subject fuller academic recognition. Exciting and innovative research on Japanese women's history has been carried out over the past decade or so. Much of this has been conducted not only by ‘academic’ women's historians, but also by freelance writers, journalists and amateur historians, that is by people who have been less saddled with traditional historical methods and expectations. The study of Japanese women's history has now reached the point where the subject no longer requires justification. This paper gives an overall picture of the development of Japanese women's historiography from about 1920 to 1985. It outlines major publications on the subject, which helped promote the standards of its scholarship, and evaluates these, making some comparison with Western counterparts. It discusses the most likely developments in the subject for the future. 相似文献
13.
《社会福利与家庭法律杂志》2012,34(4):445-460
Abstract Once, by giving long-term security of tenure and succession rights to those living in the private and public rented sectors, and ‘settled' accommodation to the homeless, housing law could be regarded as attempting 'to provide those who cannot afford to buy their own homes with a substitute for home ownership, a right to remain in occupation for at least a lifetime and often more' (Honoré, 1982: 37). Today, home ownership is itself far more problematic and far less secure than in previous decades. In the private rented sector, the Housing Act 1988 has drastically curtailed security of tenure and rights of succession to tenancies. Councils are being replaced by (quasi-private) housing associations as the main providers of social housing. The homelessness legislation has been judicially interpreted as imposing no duty to provide 'settled’ accommodation at all and the Housing Bill 1996 will take the process still further. A job for life is said to be a thing of the past. How many people now can reasonably expect to have a home for life? 相似文献
14.
《社会福利与家庭法律杂志》2012,34(2):135-149
Abstract This article considers both Child Safety Orders and Local Child Curfew Schemes, as provided for by sections 11-15 of the Labour Government's Crime and Disorder Act. A number of objections have been raised regarding these two measures. Following a brief look at the measures themselves and at the aims behind their creation, I analyse the substance and merit of the various concerns that have been raised with regard to both measures. I conclude that many extremely important issues, both ethical and practical, have not been addressed satisfactorily. 相似文献
15.
李小红 《贵州警官职业学院学报》2012,24(4):74-78
重大事项议决权是地方人大常委会的一项法定职权.地方人大常委会的这一职权具有从属性、抽象性、综合性.行使重大事项议决权要坚持自主创制性和民主参与性,同时还要注意到实体和程序的结合性.地方人大常委套应就重大事项不议决与议决不当承担相应的法律责任或政治责任.地方人大常委会重大事项议决责任的问责主体有原选区选民和原选举单位两类;问责方式主要是罢免. 相似文献
16.
金融风险防控是中国经济社会发展的重要攻坚战之一。分析地方政府隐性债务成因、风险成因和风险传导机制等可以发现,地方政府偿债能力增长率高于债务规模增长率,是阻断地方政府隐性债务风险出现、传导和爆发的理论逻辑。解决债务风险问题的关键在于,以提高政府投资效率和债务人偿债能力为出发点,增强地方国有平台型公司盈利能力。科学推进地方... 相似文献
17.
Jan Erk 《Regional & Federal Studies》2015,25(5):409-420
AbstractDecentralization reforms introduced to Africa have not always delivered the intended outcomes. Through interaction with the broader historical, political, social and economic context, reforms seem to have engendered political consequences beyond decentralization itself. Most of the literature on decentralization and development emphasizes questions of institutional design and policy, but here we expand the focus of analysis and incorporate the harder-to-pin-down political patterns marking the workings of decentralization in Africa. Through the case-studies of Ghana, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Ethiopia and Uganda we seek to connect the debates on development with the scholarly literatures on comparative federalism, comparative decentralization and local democracy. The conclusion that emerges is that no magic formula which can turn countries into peaceful, stable and prosperous democracies overnight exists. And, importing formal institutions without regard to the local historical, political, social and economic context risks leaving us with elegant but dysfunctional iron houses in the tropical heat. 相似文献
18.
Public sector managers in less developed countries are confronted with opposing forces. A lack of sufficient resources along with a tradition of corruption are obstacles for developing and using performance measurement systems. However, recent public sector reforms in less developed countries, including decentralisation and anti‐corruption programmes, stimulate the development and use of such systems. On the basis of a framework, which distinguishes different types of stakeholders, each with particular performance interests, we analyse how public sector managers are coping with the two opposing forces, given the relative power positions and the interests of their stakeholders. On the basis of four cases studies of local government agencies in Bali (Indonesia), we found that with respect to the annual performance reports, managers in these agencies focus more on fulfilling the formal requirements regarding the format of these reports and on their timely submission than on their contents, which are all symptoms of a symbolic rather than functional use of performance information. However, the reports include information on inputs that is linked to similar information in short‐term reports, which the managers use in a functional manner. These managers show a kind of juggling behaviour, in the sense that they partially try to serve conflicting performance interests. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
The dual processes of rapidly transforming cities and administrative decentralisation demands that local government address human mobility as a means of countering urban poverty. Despite this imperative, local authorities are often poorly equipped to address the needs of poor and transient residents. Through an examination of four South African municipalities, this article helps to identify three critical factors working against effective responses: poor data and conceptual bias; institutional ambiguities and budgeting processes; and, ironically, participatory planning. Although any one of these could serve as a basis for an article, by taking them together, we better summarise the challenges' scope and outline areas for further research and policy intervention. The article concludes by considering these findings' practical and scholarly implications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
You-tien Hsing 《The Pacific Review》2013,26(1):103-124
Abstract This paper concerns the process of power at the periphery of state bureaucracy with a focus on township governments and their land development projects in the last two decades. I argue that townships at the bottom of the state bureaucracy operate like power brokers between the state and the village. When dealing with the formal party–state system above them, the township's delegated power is highly uncertain. Townships choose to maneuver in the unspecified legal and administrative zone to bypass the scrutiny of the supervising government. When it comes to the village below them, the township's power is under-defined, and therefore can be stretched to intensify and centralize the grips over village resources and land. In both cases, township officials strategize to maximize their control of village land and profit from the booming land-lease market in China's fast industrializing and urbanizing areas. Townships' land deals reflect the general power process of decentralization. Their brokerage of power corresponds directly with that of property rights in post-reform China. 相似文献