挑战与应对：全面二孩政策下的女性就业权保障

本文利用人力资本理论、职业生涯理论和统计歧视理论,通过2017年、2016年和2014年完成的48例个案访谈、4次小组座谈,2010年对全国7573例已婚职业女性的问卷调查,分析生育尤其是全面二孩政策对女性就业权的影响,生育保障对女性就业权的保障作用以及企业积极应对全面二孩政策的经验。最后,从两种生产理论出发,结合国内外女性就业权保障的经验和积极措施,探索全面二孩政策下女性就业权保障的政策与措施。     

A case of multiple assignments (paternity/maternity) in an equine-out breeding system

Recently, the use of DNA markers has provided a more accurate method of identifying individuals and verifying parentage. In this report, we describe foal assignment in a farm bred jumping horses (Silla argentino). Ten mares were freely served by two stallions, resulting in nine foals. Weaning occurred without registration of the mare of each offspring, resulting in a failure to identify either the mare or the sire of each foal. Animals were typed using 12 microsatellite systems and four biochemical polymorphisms in order to determine the paternity/maternity of each foal. We used the CERVUS program to evaluate the parentage of each offspring. It was possible to determine maternity in eight cases, and paternity in all of them. We concluded that this set of codominant markers analyzed following a likelihood-based approach included in the CERVUS package, are useful tools to solve parentage assignments in domestic horses.     

“陪产假”制度研究

陪产假作为一个实践中并不广为人熟知的名词和法律制度,一直以来并没有为男性职工所积极追求、为用人单位所严格遵守。产假之外,在女性分娩期另赋予男性合理期间的陪产假不仅对夫妻婚姻关系的和谐稳定,而且对于家庭的幸福,社会的文明发展皆具有重大意义。剖析赔偿假制度的内涵属性、法理基础和实在法的规定,旨在提升陪产假制度的效力位阶,与产假制度一起,共同促进代际亲昵、家庭关系和谐以及社会关系的良好发展。     

贵州苗族刺绣中的母体崇拜

苗族同胞以自然万物来歌颂对女性神的神秘生殖力量崇拜,在贵州苗族刺绣作品中,可以发现大量对母体生殖繁衍力量的隐喻与崇拜。在这些作品中,受到崇拜和隐喻的母体或化身为植物,或化身为动物,或化身为自然界的其他物象,通过刺绣把对大母神及其生殖繁衍力量的崇拜以借喻、隐喻的方式表达出来,而在具体的苗族民俗传承中,这种崇拜体现为对生殖意念的张扬和人丁兴旺的渴求。     

Child-related leave and women’s labour market outcomes: towards a new paradigm in the European Union?

The current European Union (EU) legislative framework on child-related leave is facilitating an imbalance in the take-up of leave by women over men. There is a consolidated EU right to maternity leave for mothers but there is no parallel EU right to paternity leave for fathers. The EU right to parental leave is for both working mothers and fathers, but its design does not encourage an equal take-up by women and men. The aim of this article is to gain insight into the effects of child-related leave on women’s labour market outcomes. On the one hand, it reviews and analyses economic literature which points to the adverse consequences of leave on women’s earnings, and even on women’s labour market participation when the absences from work are very prolonged. On the other hand, it underlines the new direction followed by the European Commission towards greater equality between men and women at home and at work.     

The impact of the family and medical leave act

This article uses data from employer surveys and the March Current Population Survey to investigate the impact of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) on coverage, leave‐taking, employment, and earnings. The variation in state laws prior to the FMLA and the variation in coverage under the FMLA provides a “natural experiment” in which the effect of the law can be compared for treatment and con‐trol groups. Although the FMLA covers less than half of workers in the private sector (many of whom already had coverage pre‐FMLA), this article finds that leave cover‐age and usage did increase post‐FMLA. The other surprising finding is that this mandated benefit had no significant negative effects on women's employment or wages. ©1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.     

Dancing on the head of a pin? Foetal life and the european convention

The case of Vo v. France represents the latest phase of the European Court of Human Rights’ thinking on the scope of Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the right to life) in relation to foetal life where a foetus had been lost owing to a medical accident. The Court by a majority decided that, “even assuming” Article 2 applied to the instant case (albeit to the life of the pregnant woman rather than that of the foetus), it had not been violated. While the facts in Vo were extreme and exceptional, the Court will shortly hear the case of D v. Ireland concerning access to abortion for foetal anomaly, an application made under Articles 3, 8, 10 and 14 of the European Convention. If the case of D were declared admissible, the Court would then have to consider whether a denial of access to abortion for foetal anomaly constitutes inhuman and degrading treatment contrary to Article 3, or an interference with a pregnant woman’s right to respect for private life under Article 8 (and if so, how the doctrine of the margin of appreciation applies). The Grand Chamber precedent of Vo displays ambivalence about whether Article 2 should apply to foetal life, and its resort to the “even assuming” formula spared Member States the difficulty of having to justify their various abortion regimes, by reference to this Article. It remains to be seen whether in a case like D that is directly concerned with abortion, the Court will take a more definite stance on the correct balance to be struck between the State’s interest in protecting foetal life and the Convention rights of pregnant women. Vo v. France [G.C.], judgment of 8th -July 2004, no. 53924/00; D v. Ireland [4th section], no. 26499/02, oral hearing on admissibility and merits, 6 September 2005