A solid-phase microextraction method for the detection of ignitable liquids in fire debris

A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure involving direct contact between the SPME fibers and the solid matrix and subsequent gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis for the detection of accelerants in fire debris is described. The extraction performances of six fibers (100 mum polydimethylsiloxane, 65 mum polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene, 85 mum polyacrylate, 85 mum carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane, 70 mum Carbowax-divinylbenzene, and 50/30 mum divinylbenzene-Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane) were investigated by directly immersing the fibers into gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel. For simulated fire debris, in the direct contact extraction method, the SPME fiber was kept in contact with the fire debris matrix during extraction by penetrating plastic bags wrapping the sample. This method gave comparable results to the headspace SPME method in the extraction of gasoline and kerosene, and gave an improved recovery of low-volatile components in the extraction of diesel fuel from fire debris. The results demonstrate that this procedure is suitable as a simple and rapid screening method for detecting ignitable liquids in fire debris packed in plastic bags.     

Analysis of pain management drugs, specifically fentanyl, in hair: application to forensic specimens

This article discusses the immunoassay screening of pain management drugs, and the mass spectrometric confirmation of fentanyl in human hair. Hair specimens were screened for fentanyl, opiates (including oxycodone), tramadol, propoxyphene, carisoprodol, methadone, and benzodiazepines and any positive results were confirmed using gas chromatography or liquid chromatography with mass spectral detection. The specific focus of the work was the determination of fentanyl in hair, since autopsy specimens were also available for comparison with hair concentrations. Using two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometric detection, fentanyl was confirmed in four of nine hair specimens collected at autopsy. The accuracy of the assay at 10 pg/mg was 95.17% and the inter-day and intra-day precision was 5.04 and 13.24%, respectively (n=5). The assay was linear over the range 5-200 pg/mg with a correlation of r(2)>0.99. The equation of the calibration curve forced through the origin was y=0.0053x and the limit of quantitation of the assay was 5 pg/mg. The fentanyl concentrations detected were 12, 17, 490, and 1930 pg/mg and the results were compared with toxicology from routine post-mortem analysis. The screening of pain management drugs in hair is useful in cases where other matrices may not be available, and in routine testing of hair for abused drugs.     

确定自然人破产能力之机理

破产法是规范市场经济秩序的一部重要法律。破产能力的界定反映一部破产法的价值取向 ,决定破产程序结构。我国目前对企业法人的破产能力已无争议。从破产制度的目的和立法政策两方面探讨确定自然人破产能力的可行性和必要性     

自然资源国家所有权之国家所有制说

财产权的宪法史可分为人权财产权和国家财产制两个阶段。自然资源归国家所有是国家财产制的组成部分,是现代宪法创设的用以实现国家目的的手段,其基本特征是国家垄断,其基本工具价值是垄断。以权利观审视自然资源国家所有权,它具有主体的唯一性和权利的专有性、不可变更性和价值优先性等特点。宪法上的自然资源国家所有权的实质是国家权力,是管理权,而非自由财产权。     

论我国物权法上的准用益物权

《物权法》将自然资源使用权纳入其中,对权利人权益的保护以及资源的合理开发和利用无疑具有重要意义。由于自然资源具有公益属性,事关国计民生,物权法作为资源配置的基本规则,对于自然资源使用的制度安排无疑将直接对自然资源的开发利用产生重大的影响。物权法对自然资源的使用仅仅在用益物权的一般规定中予以规定,即采用原则性规定这样的立法技术,因此有必要将自然资源使用权的性质予以明晰化,明确其实质上是准用益物权的法律性质。     

The Subject Status of Procuratorate in Marine Litigation on "Public Interests Protection"

The litigations of marine natural resources ormarine ecological (environmental) damages involve two different types of litigations, and the procuratorate should be involved in the litigationsas different litigation subjects. The compensatory litigation of marine natural resource damageis the private interest litigation which relieves the private interest damage of state owned natural resources. According to The Administrative Litigation Law and The Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate's Interpretation of Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in Procuratorial Public Interest Litigation Cases, the procuratorate should be the supervising subject. However, the compensatory litigation of marine ecological (environmental) damage is the public interest litigation which relieves public interests, and on the basis of Marine Environment Protection Law, The Civil Procedure Law and The Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate's Interpretation of Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in Procuratorial Public Interest Litigation Cases, the procuratorate should be the supplementary subject. Due to the particularity of the marine litigations, the procuratoratefiles lawsuits against the marine natural resources ormarine ecological (environmental) damages, which shall apply both to The Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning Compensation for Damages of Marine Natural Resources and Ecological Environment and The Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate's Interpretation of Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in Procuratorial Public Interest Litigation Cases.     

略论美国自然资源损害赔偿范围

《清洁水法》、《综合环境反应、赔偿与责任法》、《石油污染法》构建了美国自然资源损害赔偿范围的基本框架。赔偿金的确定过程需经历自然资源损害的识别、资源价值的认定和赔偿路径的选择几个阶段。这一过程也构成了理解赔偿范围——修复费用、过渡期损失和评估费用,分析赔偿全面性的线索。这为我国自然资源损害赔偿制度的建立提供了借鉴。     

斯多亚哲学与自然法中的普世主义

斯多亚哲学是西方自然法理论的开端,基于其对世界精致的泛神论解释,斯多亚哲学提出了普世主义的平等观,人人皆有神性,在起源上皆为平等。斯多亚哲学的普世主义经由自然法的媒介改造了罗马法,为罗马法产生平等法权观念提供了哲学前提。     

数学与西方法律的形式化：以自然法为视角

柏拉图理念论的形成数学起了关键的作用。理念论把世界分为理念世界和可感世界,从而形成哲学两重世界。柏拉图的哲学两重世界对西方哲学的影响非常大,西方许多哲学大家都受过柏拉图理念论的影响。哲学两重世界的理论影响了自然法,使自然法成为了形式法,对实定法具有约束作用,这对西方法律形式合理性的形成具有重要影响。     

自然人书面契约取信方式研究

印章文化在我国源远流长,其中公章自古至今为实用而治,私章则经历了一个从实用到艺术的转变过程。我国古代书面契约的取信方式历经变化,但私章讫未成为公认的取信手段。西方国家在法律史上曾有盖印取信的制度,但当今通行的法定取信手段则是签名。我国现行法上的书面契约取信方式兼采签名和盖章。私章自身的内在局限及签名取信的多维优势,决定了签名取代私章的必然。自然人主体书面契约的取信方式统一于签名,是法律体系内部相协调的需要,并可以获得法律解释理论上的有力支撑。