‘Rehabilitating Charity’ in China: The Case of Project Hope and the Rise of Non-Profit Organizations

Beginning in the 1990s, the People's Republic of China has experienced explosive growth in the number of non-governmental organizations. This article examines one of the earliest and most influential Chinese NGOs, Project Hope, a charitable organization which solicits donations to help poor rural children stay in school. The success of Project Hope and the subsequent growth of the non-profit sector are surprising given that China arguably has no history of an organizational form like the Western donative-style charity. As such, this case offers a rare opportunity to examine the rise of a new organizational form. New institutionalist and social capital theoretical approaches will be used to analyse the social mechanisms underlying practice of donative-style charity. Chinese cultural practices of giving to the needy in the premodern era and under Mao Zedong's socialist state (1949–1978) will be explicated to reveal the resources and constraints emerging Chinese charities faced in the post-socialist era. This article focuses on one problem that China's first Western-style charities had to address: how to establish the practice of voluntary giving to non-governmental organizations. It examines two of Project Hope's strategies and their consequences: (1) blurring the distinction between charitable organizations and the state and (2) building personal relationships between donors and recipients.     

我国非政府组织发展中存在的问题及解决对策

随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立与完善，我国非政府组织的兴起与发展成为必然的趋势。由于非政府组织发展还存在经费缺乏、财务制度不够健全、人力资源管理和开发不足等问题，因而，要进一步发展我国非政府组织，必须完善管理法规；推进改革，实现政社分开；注重非政府组织的治理结构和自律机制；转变观念，营造非政府组织发展的良好社会环境。     

The construction of party membership

While the collapse of party membership in the last half‐century has consumed much of the focus of party scholarship, the notion of membership itself is surprisingly under‐theorised. This article presents a tripartite framework for understanding party membership as a constructed concept: from the perspective of the state, the individual and the political party. As organisational mediators and strategic electoral actors, political parties construct varying notions of membership in order to mobilise resources and gain legitimacy, while balancing the participatory demands of citizens with the legal and normative expectations imposed by the state. Using a number of illustrative examples from Europe and beyond, the article analyses the development of supporters' networks and the extension of participatory opportunities to non‐members. Designed in part to address this membership decline and to offer individuals a different way of engaging with political parties, these initiatives are seen as a crucial step in the evolution of modern parties towards looser, more individualised and amorphous networks of affiliation.     

论国家法与市民社会的默契——对一起“不予行政许可案”的法社会学“凝视”

政府对门头牌匾的行政许可以民间协议为前置条件,这是国家制定法与民间私人协议默契合作的一个新范例。作为一个创新的行政指导模型,其主要的价值和意义在于:具有作为公民参与下之“善法”的优良品质;通过在国家意志和公民意志之间建立双向互动、共同决定的价值整合平台促进社会和谐;促进并提高了公民对其权利实现的实际操作能力;同时也可以有效减少行政管理成本、帮助政府减少抗法事件的产生。这种制度设计成功地克服了经济学中所谓的“信息不对称”问题。该模型对其他类似行政许可事项有全国性参照和指导意义。     

论解放思想与破除管制迷信

解放思想是社会发展与变革的先导。在管制行政的长期作用下产生了管制迷信，管制迷信的产生有其深刻的经济、政治、思想和文化根源。随着市场经济的深入和政府职能的转变，管制行政在我国正在消减，但并没有彻底铲除，甚至在某些地方和某些领域，仍有相当大的影响，为此，需要进一步解放思想，大力破除管制迷信。要以人民主权思想为先导打造服务型政府，要以塑造公民意识为使命真正做到还权于民，要以发展非政府组织为载体积极构建市民社会。     

Educational Leadership＂ What Can China Teach the West About Inclusive Decision-Making Practices

This paper focuses on educational decision-making in a Chinese context, but starts from a critique of distributed leadership educational theory as an instrumentalist and Western device of analysis. It is based upon a 2012 research project which reports on the academic insights of 51 Chinese school leaders who were also students studying ＂Masters of Educational Leadership＂ at an Australian university. The project explored these Chinese school leaders＇ perceptions of decision-making in education settings. It considered who would make decisions and how those decisions would be made in various hypothetical education scenarios. A unique feature of this research is the significant number of female school leaders from China who were in the participant cohort, so this study offers a rare insight into their thinking. Overall, this research offers an important first step in broadening out the theoretical discussions on leadership decision-making into a non-Western education environment. It also shows how educational research in the 21 st century is shifting away from Western---only analysis and instead broadening out to explore what the unique and important trends are in an Asian nation that is a global powerhouse.     

敌对势力利用境外非政府组织渗透活动及其对策——以公安网络监管为视角

西方敌对势力利用境外非政府组织谋求政治利益,将网络作为渗透破坏我国的平台;积极开发互联网新技术,以"网络无国界"为由,改变着网络意识,抨击主流网络文化;纠集境外非政府组织炒作热点敏感问题,并以"维权"相号召,不断进行攻击污蔑、造谣生事,煽动民众同党和政府产生对立情绪;线上培养意见领袖,支持、参与、策划街头政治、民族分裂等活动,试图破坏我国社会稳定和国家安全。网络渗透和反渗透斗争中的胜利,决定了我国未来网络空间主权。公安机关在应对以境外非政府组织为媒介的网络渗透过程中也暴露出手段、技术上的瑕疵。针对这些问题,公安机关应当顺应信息化警务发展,弥补部门情报系统、舆情监测、网络设备、技术人才等不足,细化公安机关职责,加大对境外非政府组织的监管力度,防范和抵御西方敌对势力借助境外非政府组织对我国策动"颜色革命"的图谋。     

Organising Global Stratification: How International Organisations (Re)Produce Inequalities in International Society

ABSTRACT

The article makes the case for scrutinising international organisations (IOs) as key sites and agents of inequality reproduction and transformation in international society. Drawing on sociological inequality research and institutionalist approaches to International Relations, we argue that IOs reproduce and transform broader stratification patterns in their global social environment through intertwined processes of categorisation and distribution. We propose to capture these twin processes from three observation points, which highlight different material and symbolic practices operating within IOs and at the interface between IOs and their environment.     

From Peacekeeping to Stabilisation: Interorganisational Co-operation,Challenges and the Law

ABSTRACT

Global complexity and limitations in the United Nation's legal framework necessitates collaboration with regional organisations, creating tension between the legal frameworks guiding peacekeeping, the use of force, and intervention practices within the increasing complexity of peace enforcement and stabilisation missions with a Protection of Civilians mandate. With the UNs lack of impetus in clarifying stabilisation as a concept, the use of force required for stabilisation cannot be justified, necessitating the use of regional organisations' more flexible legal frameworks. The continued complexity of contemporary peace and security requires a reassessment of peacekeeping doctrine that, if left unaddressed, risk condemnation for illegal ‘peacekeeping'.     

公共服务提供中的NGO及其与政府关系之研究

本文主要探讨的是在公共服务提供中的NGO及其定位与作用,以及在公共服务提供领域的NGO与政府间关系。关于NGO在公共服务提供中的定位主要表现为:参与公共服务的提供,提升政府的公信力;承担社会责任,提供就业机会;以及维护社会稳定:降低政府风险与责任等。在公共服务的提供中NGO与政府之关系主要表现为:合作与支持的关系;竞争与冲突的关系以及管理与监督的关系。此外本文也探讨了新时期—网络时代中国政府与NGO之关系表现为NGO利用网络问政和监督政府管理,参与和影响政府政策的制定,利用网络进行沟通与协作,以及对政府职能的有效补充和影响公众、网络舆情等。