运用GC-MS鉴别常见植物油物证

与矿物油的鉴别相比,植物油类之间的成分含量集中且所含脂肪酸种类也极为相近,对植物油的鉴别一直是刑事技术中的难题。实验采用四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAH)-甲醇甲酯化前处理方法结合气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)联用检测方法,分析了案件中常见的18种植物油,并总结了其特征规律,具有较好的应用价值。     

Resource Curse in Reverse: How Civil Wars Influence Natural Resource Production

Conflict scholars have argued that natural resources, such as oil, diamonds, and gemstones, may increase the chances for civil wars because rebels can sustain their organizations by looting resources and because certain types of resources, such as oil, create weaker state governments that are less capable of putting down insurgencies. Natural resources like oil also raise the value of capturing the state through war. However, empirical studies typically treat natural resources as exogenous variables, failing to consider the possibility that war alters the production levels of various natural resources. This endogenous relationship may help to explain the inconsistent empirical results linking natural resources and civil war onset. This article examines the two-way relationship between natural resources and civil war, focusing on oil, diamonds, and fisheries. The empirical findings suggest that most of the relationships run in the direction from war to resources, with no significant effects of resources on the onset of civil war. States with civil wars experience lower oil and diamond production, while marine fisheries production recovers in civil war–torn states.     

论船舶承租人的油污损害赔偿责任

按照油污损害赔偿民事责任公约的规定,船舶所有人对船舶溢油而产生的费用和造成的损失承担责任,承租人 无需承担责任。但是,公约并不禁止船东在承担了责任之后再依据租船合同和相关国内法的规定向承租人追偿。 1990年美国油污法扩大了责任主体的范围,依照该法,不仅船舶所有人,而且船舶承租人和船舶经营人也要承担 责任。可以说,前者是承租人的一种间接责任,而后者则是一种直接责任。这两种责任的性质、基础有所不同,责 任人是否可以享受责任限制也有所区别。     

裂解器金属衬管对油脂定量分析诸因素的影响

目的在裂解甲基化油脂分析中,考察并讨论了裂解器金属衬管对油脂定量分析的影响因素。方法采用气相色谱仪,FID检测器,FFAP毛细柱,热丝型裂解器及居里点裂解器,对大豆色拉油的五种主要组分:软脂酸,硬脂酸,油酸,亚油酸,亚麻酸进行了定量分析。结果(1)当在金属衬管内裂解分析时,裂解产物往往随极性的增大而吸附性增强;(2)在有酸,碱媒介裂解分析时,衬管的金属材质会对活性组分起到降解和催化转化作用;(3)这些因素的存在,会严重影响测定结果的准确性。结论采用金属衬管时,亚麻酸(n=5)RSD(%)高达14.07,而采用石英衬管时,RSD(%)则降至1.92。     

同时裂解甲基化气相色谱法快速鉴别人体脂肪及动植物油脂

采用同时裂解甲基化气相色谱法（SPM－GC），首次分析人体脂肪，并且观察人体脂肪、猪、鸡、牛、羊脂和豆油中7种脂肪酸的组份含量变化。根据7种主要脂肪酸（肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸）甲酯的百分含量可有效地进行鉴别。结果表明：通过SPM－GC法分析油脂，可将传统的油脂酯化法时间由2个多小时缩短到1分钟左右。数据C．V．％＜4％，最小检测量为1．Oμg。最佳比例四甲基氢氧化按（TMAH）甲醇液（TMAH：甲醇＝1：10，V／V），可消除油脂中多不饱和脂肪酸的异构化和降解。     

The Role of French Environmental Associations in Civil Liability for Environmental Harm: Courtesy of Erika

Last January, the Tribunal Correctionnel de Paris, in its decisionconcerning the Erika oil spill, clearly recognised the rightof environmental associations to claim compensation for damagedone to the environment per se. Taking the judgment as a startingpoint, this article gives a brief insight into the French regimeof civil liability for environmental harm, with a special focuson the role, as provided in the regime and further developedin the case-law, of French environmental associations. The latterare formally recognised, under certain conditions, as "guardians"of the collective interest to environmental protection. As aresult, they are entitled to bring civil party petitions beforecriminal courts in case of -largely defined- "environmentalcrimes". These procedural rights have been broadly interpretedby (criminal, as well as civil) courts and effectively usedby associations to ensure that the "polluter pays" and thatcivil damages reflect, to the extent possible, the reality ofenvironmental harm, while serving the interests of general prevention.     

“2009年海洋污染责任与政策国际研讨会”综述

2009年6月4—5日,海洋污染责任与政策国际研讨会在大连召开。会议就海洋污染刑事责任、海洋污染民事责任、海洋污染典型案例研究以及国际公约的实施四大议题进行探讨与交流。     

The Political Constraints on Economic Policy in Post-1982 Mexico: The Case of Pemex

Abstract Fourteen years of market-oriented reform in Mexico have led to many economic changes. However during 1982–1994 there was relatively little change in the hydrocarbon sector. This article seeks to explain the slowness of reform essentially in political terms. While political constraints on reforming the hydrocarbons sector were genuine, it is also clear that the De la Madrid and Salinas governments chose to avoid controversial decisions in this sector as far as possible. Risk aversion seems, at least in this context, to have been a characteristic of Mexican authoritarianism during 1982–1994. Because of the inherent importance of the oil and gas sector to the Mexican economy, the slow growth of production since 1982 (largely resulting from extreme policy caution) provides a part of the explanation for the slow growth of the Mexican economy as a whole.     

Diffusion of labor agreements: evidence from the UK oil industry

There has to date been no in-depth analysis of the way in which industrial relations practices – in particular labor agreements – diffuse vertically through an organization and horizontally through an economy. This is despite the titles of empirical research in this area. This process of diffusion however, is both an important and yet neglected area of theory. The theory of the diffusion of innovations can be applied to the empirical findings here and encompasses several previous studies: it thus enables a more thorough investigation of the way in which changes in industrial relations are promulgated both within and between organizations. This paper presents evidence of such a diffusion of innovation effect in the oil sector of the UK economy.     

Which Grievances Make People Support Violence against the State? Survey Evidence from the Niger Delta

Previous research has established a link between oil production and armed conflict in low- and middle-income countries. Oil-related grievances are viewed as a key variable driving resentment and antistate attitudes. However, the off-the-shelf measures of existing studies (oil exports, oil revenues per capita, etc.) measure dependence and richness, not grievances among the population. This article contributes to filling this gap. Relying on an original opinion poll from the conflict-ridden Niger Delta, the analysis shows that both rebel-pursued, collective grievances (unfair oil revenue distribution) and individual grievances (livelihood destruction due to oil production) make people support antistate violence. These results lend micro-level evidence to the grievance mechanism linking oil and (support for) rebellion.