中俄原油管道线路方案变更原因浅析

2011年1月,按照"泰纳线"方案建设的中俄原油管道正式投入使用。在十余年的方案变更过程中,中、日、俄分别提出了"安大线"、"安纳线"、"泰纳线"三套管线线路方案。在"安大线"与"安纳线"间犹豫后,俄罗斯最终选择了"泰纳线"。其原因包括确保管线控制权、开拓广阔亚太市场、振兴远东经济、"尤科斯事件"影响与保护贝加尔湖生态五个方面。     

Managing anti-China nationalism in Vietnam: evidence from the media during the 2014 oil rig crisis

When confronted with an external provocation, do governments with control over the domestic media environment respond with hawkish propaganda to stir up nationalist sentiments? Vietnam's propaganda strategy during the 2014 Haiyang Shiyou 981 oil rig crisis with China is used as a case to answer this question. Based on an analysis of 570 Vietnamese newspaper articles, I argue that Vietnam managed to adopt a middle approach that included tough rhetoric to criticize Chinese actions, but also avoided overplaying the nationalist card. Instead of openly intensifying anti-China sentiments, the government tried to channel popular anger and animosity into a more positive form of pro-government nationalism. The media highlighted the need for national unity, encouragement for maritime enforcement officers, relief for affected fishermen, and above all, confidence in the government's ability to resolve the situation. Contentious historical issues between China and Vietnam were downplayed in the process. This finding helps to shed light on the development of anti-foreign nationalism in Vietnam. While leaders are compelled to respond strongly to a real provocation, they try to keep a lid on anti-China sentiments for reasons of domestic stability.     

缅甸油气产业开发现状与外国参与情况评析

缅甸油气领域正处于开发活跃期,但油气产量不均衡,油少气多。西方发达国家企业曾长期是缅甸油气开发的先锋和主力,然而,本世纪以来,东盟及缅甸周边国家石油企业跃升为缅甸油气开发的新主力军。2010年缅甸开启民主进程,西方企业投资缅甸油气领域将出现恢复性增长,但难以改变现有的外资参与结构。     

勃列日涅夫维护稳定举措分析

勃列日涅夫当政的18年是苏联社会比较稳定的时期.勃列日涅夫有意维护苏共高级干部的权益,以巩固自己的领袖地位.这样不仅造成“老人政治”,而且使干部队伍素质低下.勃列日涅夫通过克格勃强化思想控制,通过军警压制社会群体性事件,以大量出口石油换取美元购买粮食等物品解决民众日常生活需求,用经济政策向民族地区倾斜的办法缓和民族矛盾.勃列日涅夫时期实现了社会稳定,但积累了矛盾、掩盖了问题,苏联的最终失败是必然的.     

涉外船舶油污损害赔偿的若干法律问题探讨

船舶油污严重污染了海洋环境。含有涉外因素的油污损害赔偿主要受国际公约调整,但在损害赔偿的主体、范围、责任限额等方面仍有进一步探讨的必要,以便于澄清相关问题。     

Natural resource policies and standard of living in Kazakhstan

This paper evaluates Kazakhstan's natural resource policies and their impact on the standard of living of the Kazakhstan population within the framework of three determinative factors: globalization and international markets; Soviet legacy and ‘resource nationalism’; and Nursultan Nazarbayev and his authoritarian leadership. It argues that natural resource policies of Kazakhstan failed to improve the living standards of the majority of people in Kazakhstan, especially the poor and those living in oil-producing and rural areas, despite increasing oil prices and revenues. The argument will be supported with an analysis of Kazakhstan's oil wealth distribution in light of global initiatives as well as with evidence derived from official reports and statistical data to find out whether Nazarbayev's widely discussed ‘resource nationalism’ is ‘nationalistic’ enough to favour the whole nation.     

Social,environmental and economic sustainability of Kazakhstan: a long-term perspective

This paper explores the evolution of Kazakhstan's development through an analysis of population trends, infant mortality, air emissions, water management, oil production, income, cost of living and average salary. The longitudinal data analysis demonstrates that the development of Kazakhstan during the Soviet period was far from sustainable in terms of uncontrolled environmental pollution. Time-series analysis illustrates that the 1990s transition to the market economy temporarily eased environmental degradation but also brought about initial socio-economic disarray and decline in living standards. Further support for rural areas and economic diversification is needed to move away from Kazakhstan's heavy reliance on mineral resource extraction to a more sustainable path of development.     

Exploring the semiotic meaning of the first oil city in the Middle East: Masjed Soleyman

This study aims to provide a perspective on the symbolic characteristics of oil cities by focusing on the example of the first oil city in the Middle East, Masjed Soleyman city. Studies of oil cities are generally based on their industrial characteristics rather than their symbolic meanings. However, since oil became a distinctive symbol in the Middle East, these cities need to be examined from an altered perspective. Therefore, the present study analyses the urban context of Masjed Soleyman city based on four concepts of “city as overall sign”, “image of city”, “language of city” and “interpretation/communication” as well as the derived indicators from each concept. It is concluded that given the critical importance of oil at both the national and international levels, oil production was arguably maintained or sustained by various treatments of this city's inhabitants. In the process of exploring this ancient city, the study portrays that Masjed Soleyman characteristically symbolises control, social segregation and surveillance.     

油污损害赔偿中非漏油方的责任主体地位探析

应用侵权法中的归责原则和连带责任理论,对两船碰撞一船漏油时非漏油方是否承担赔偿责任存在的三种不同观点及案例进行了分析;基于民法中的补充责任原则和实证的方法,提出不论非漏油方对船舶碰撞的发生是否有过错,应当由漏油方首先对油污受害人承担责任,只有在漏油方不能承担全部赔偿责任时,非漏油方才承担补充责任,以此保障油污受害人得到充分赔偿。对完善我国船舶污染损害赔偿立法及海事司法实践有参考、借鉴作用。     

从因果关系要件解读船舶碰撞致油污损害的请求权竞合

从因果关系论述入手,论述船舶碰撞和船舶油污的海上侵权,适用相当因果关系说,判断侵权行为与损害结果的因果关系,并结合法律目的或法律规定,确定海上侵权损害的赔偿范围。在论述因果关系的基础上,明确提出船舶碰撞并导致油污损害的两个侵权法律关系的受害者,存在侵权请求权的竞合,油污受害方对漏油方可选择油污侵权之诉,在特殊情况下,也可能选择碰撞侵权之诉,从而适用海商法中不同的侵权法律制度,以体现最大限度地保护侵权受害方的立法目的。