论船舶油污民事责任主体的扩张性

一直以来,中国学界和司法实践中普遍接受和遵循《1992年国际油污损害民事责任公约》船舶所有人责任专属制度,将船舶油污民事责任主体限定为船舶所有人。然而,船舶油污民事责任主体是否具有扩张性,即是否可以及于船舶所有人以外的当事方却鲜有讨论。针对船舶油污民事责任主体的扩张性,通过对国外立法、司法实践中相关案例及理论基础进行详细分析,并结合中国目前船舶油污事故发生的实际情况及相关法律规定,可以认为扩张船舶油污民事责任主体在中国具有必要性和可行性。     

Innovations in Constructing the Framework of China's Environmental Code —Referencing the Framework of China's Civil Code

The success in compiling China's Civil Code benefits from factors such as China's complete system of civil law statutes, the methodology of the Pandekten System, and the private-law attributes of civil laws, etc. To construct the framework of China's environmental code, it is necessary to reference that success for theoretical and structural innovations. In addition, the fundamental features and inherent issues of China's existing environmental law system, such as its breadth, the extensiveness of origins of environmental law, the multiple implication of environmental legal relations, and the compound nature of the environmental legal liability system, should be taken into account. The layout structure of General—Specifics should be adopted for compiling China's environmental code, while moderate codification and extraction of the common factor (vor die Klammer zu ziehen) for connection with applicable rules of specific laws should serve as construction principles and methods for compiling the framework of China's environmental code. The environmental code should have five parts: General ; Pollution Prevention and Control ; Nature Conservation ; Green and Low-Carbon Development ; and Ecological and Environmental Responsibility.     

Personal attributes and (mis)perceptions of local environmental risk

Individuals' risk perceptions shape their attitudes and behaviors, and to the extent that governments respond to public demands, they also influence public policy priorities. Conversely, risk misperceptions—that is, when risk perceptions do not align with realities—may lead to suboptimal behaviors and inefficient public policy. This study investigates the phenomena of environmental risk misperceptions. Specifically, with an original survey that enables a direct comparison of perceived and actual environmental risks at the local level, it examines the relationships between personal attributes and risk misperceptions. The findings show that individuals exhibit optimism bias in assessing local environmental risk. On average, people rank their communities as experiencing less risk from toxic air pollution than objective measures suggest. Moreover, Whites, males, conservatives, and older people tend to have larger optimism bias and have lower chances of possessing correct risk perceptions than their counterparts, respectively, while respondents who are married, poor, who go to church regularly, and have strong pro-environmental orientation, tend to have smaller optimism bias and have higher chances of possessing correct risk perceptions than their respective counterparts. The systematic misperception of local environmental risk underscores the importance of information provision and risk communication, and the sociopolitical correlates of misperception suggest that targeted and more nuanced strategies are required to correct misperceptions.     

船舶油污损害赔偿中的诉讼主体问题

重点讨论我国船舶油污损害赔偿中经常遇到的两个关键性问题,即谁有权利代表国家提出请求?谁有责任对污染损害进行赔偿?认为在通常情况下只有海洋主管部门有权代表国家提出污染损害赔偿请求,而赔偿主体则通常不仅包括实际漏油船,还应包括货主。     

我国汽车工业可持续发展的几点建议

我国目前汽车工业的发展概况,汽车排放对环境的污染及加入 ＷＴＯ对我国汽车工业可持续发展的影响,就我国汽车工业如何进行可持续发展提出建议。     

农民环境权法律保护的现状审视与思考

＂三农＂问题的核心是农民问题,农民问题的实质是权利问题。当前,我国农村环境问题仍然十分严峻,这表明我国现行法律对农民环境权的保护仍存在不足,须认真进行反思,探索完善措施。     

北京城区逆温气象特征及其对大气污染的影响

逆温是制约北京城区大气污染的主要污染气象条件.文中针对北京城区逆温气象特征和大气污染状况,采取对比分析和相关分析,探讨逆温对大气污染的影响关系及污染物排放量削减措施.     

加强北京市规模化畜禽养殖场污染防治工作

通过对北京市规模化畜禽养殖场污染现状分析 ,结合国内外畜禽养殖场污染控制原则 ,提出北京市规模化畜禽养殖场污染防治对策和建议。     

日本食品药品公害的国家责任论析

日本出现的一系列大规模的食品药品公害诉讼中，在判处制造者承担侵权责任的同时，一些裁判例也明确了国家应承担相应责任，这有助于督促国家更好行使食品药品的监管职能，更好保护受害者的利益。本文通过分析食品药品公害民事裁判例中明确的国家责任，探讨日本国家责任的相关理论，论述日本国家在食品药品监管领域应承担的相关法律责任。     

论环境污染侵权诉讼中的证明责任

环境污染是一种特殊侵权行为,有其区别于一般侵权行为的特征.如何合理分配证明责任是解决环境污染案件的要点与难点.论述受害人具有初步的证明责任,重点论证对此类案件应实行因果关系推定原则和无过错责任原则,阐明加害人对免责事由的证明责任以及受害人与加害人证明责任之间的关系.