试述所有权保障制度的演变

所有权保障经历了19世纪的兴起、20世纪“衰落”的现代所有权保障重构的过程。但现代所有权概念之重构的目的并不是完全抛弃近代所有权概念，重新创造一个新的所有权，而是对近代所有权加以改造，摒弃其绝对自由性，改采相对受限制性。但这种相对受限制的所有权并没有抛弃近代所有权的本质，所以，现代所有权虽然受到限制，但仍然是自由的所有权，这同时也体现了所有权本身就包含着义务的理念。本文试述了所有权保障制度演变的成因及现代所有权概念重构之目的，以期能使我们在真正理解现代所有权价值的基础上，对我国正在进行的物权立法及所有权保障体系的完善有所裨益。     

Mediation in War: Winning Hearts and Minds Using Mediated Condolence Payments

When an Iraqi noncombatant civilian is killed in the crossfire between the U.S. military and insurgents, the victim's family can apply for a "condolence payment" of up to $2,500 as a token of condolence and sympathy. As the process currently stands, the family member is handed a sum of money by U.S. personnel and ushered out the door. In this model, money equals apology. In this article, the author argues that the efficacy and efficiency of the current condolence payment program could be greatly increased by adding Arab-Muslim mediation techniques tailored to Iraqi culture. Mediation would fill a gap in the current program to help foster a constructive, stabilizing dialogue between the U.S. military and aggrieved Iraqi civilians. The author believes that with each positive, mediated interaction — each reconciliative engagement between an aggrieved Iraqi civilian, a mediator, and a U.S. military representative — the U.S. military can prevent today's aggrieved Iraqi parent, sibling, or child from becoming tomorrow's insurgent.
This article was written with two goals. The implementation of a mediated condolence payment program, even on a limited or pilot basis, would likely increase the chances of American success in Iraq and improve the daily lives of Iraqi civilians. If it is not possible to implement such a program in Iraq before American involvement there ends, then it may still have value as an important component of the post-conflict nation-building playbook of the U.S. and other foreign forces.     

审判委员会功能的异化与重构

审判委员会制度是我国一项重要的司法制度,在司法实践中曾经起到了积极的作用,但现已不能完全适应我国审判工作日益发展的需要,必须予以改革。审判委员会的性质应当是审判管理组织,而不是司法审判组织。审判委员会的功能存在异化现象,需要加以重构。重构后的审判委员会功能应当包括司法指导功能、司法监督功能、司法整合功能和司法审议功能。其中,司法指导功能是审判委员会的主要功能。审判委员会的功能不是一成不变的,在法治进程的不同阶段,审判委员会的各种功能都有此消彼长的可能。只要牢牢地把握审判委员会所具有的审判管理的本质,审判委员会制度的改革才能走上正轨,审判委员会制度才能焕发出青春和活力。     

论案件事实的“重建”方法

侦查阶段查明和认定的案件事实,是运用证据“重建”的法律中规定的案件事实,“重建”的案件事实是对客观事实的虚拟性再现。“重建”案件事实的方法主要有:搜集材料,识别案件的事实特征;分析案情,在思维上建构案件事实;查证核实,重新评价建构的案件事实;完善证据,确认案件事实。     

Identities in reconstruction: from rights of recognition to reflection in post-disaster reconstruction processes

This article examines the role of rights in both governing and shaping women’s relationship with the reconstruction process and their position in the reconstructed society. Through four years of empirical research in the post-earthquake reconstruction process in Maharashtra, India, this article focuses upon how women’s rights in social reconstruction are contingent upon processes of recognition. From the United Nations to local women’s organising, the article considers how women’s rights to “determine the pattern of their lives and the future of society” (United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (C.E.D.A.W.). General Recommendation No. 23 (1997), Article 7, para. 9.) are dependent upon processes of recognition. Through a critique of cultural, material and spatial acts and frameworks of recognition within the U.N., World Bank, State Government, public interest litigation, personal and nonformal law, rights are seen to actively and hierarchically construct either a modern, liberal subject or a religious, communitarian subject, which both either deny or prescribe agency. The experience of women’s organising reveals the possibility of reconstructing a feminist rights strategy of reflection.     

民事诉讼非法证据的排除

民事诉讼非法证据排除规则在适用中有三个程序问题需要解决——依当事人申请排除还是由法官依职权排除,合法性发生争议时证明责任由哪一方当事人负担,法院在诉讼中的哪个阶段做出排除与否的决定。民事诉讼的根本目的是在发现真实的基础上适用实体法规则解决纠纷,为实现此根本目的,同时也为了与诉讼效率、程序安定的目标相协调,宜设置当事人对合法性提出质疑后法院再来审查证据是否合法取得,合法性发生争议时由异议者对收集证据的非法性负证明责任,排除非法证据的决定在对各种相关权益和因素进行权衡后的判决阶段做出的程序规则。应当采用利益衡量的方法决定是否排除非法证据,并据此对非法证据排除规则进行重构。     

新村运动中韩国政府的行政作为及其对中国的启示

为改变日益严重的工农业、城乡、区域之间发展失衡的状况，20世纪70年代初，韩国政府发起了“新村运动”并取得了巨大成就。在这一过程中，韩国政府的行政作为主要体现在：改革机构，调整支农政策，提供财政援助，发挥农协的作用，实施新村教育以及建立监查制度。借鉴韩国政府推进新村运动过程中的有益做法，对促进我国社会主义新农村建设具有十分重要的现实意义。     

Shifting gender roles: an analysis of violence against women in post-conflict Uganda

Based on findings from a qualitative study in northern Uganda, this article explores factors leading to gender-based violence (GBV) in the post-conflict African context. The crisis of masculinity becomes crucial to understanding women's vulnerability to GBV. This crisis stems from the trauma of losing one's internal resources – socially constructed identity role and purpose, and one's external resources – wealth and productive assets. We find that armed conflict replaces the positive male identity as household head with a destructive model of masculinity. It is the interaction between negative masculinities and extreme poverty that characterises the prevalence of GBV in such conditions.     

Tug of war: street trading and city governance in Kumasi,Ghana

Kumasi, Ghana, has witnessed accelerated population growth in the past two decades, leading to a significant increase in joblessness following years of economic decline and labour market liberalisation. As a survival strategy, residents have resorted to street trading, making it an important source of livelihood. However, its associated implications for urban governance and management has placed city authorities in the spotlight over the years. Examining the daily struggles that occur between city managers and street traders, this article finds that various strategies adopted by city authorities to decongest the streets have proved futile. Rethinking what could be a sustainable strategy for decongesting the streets of traders, the article concludes that chasing the traders out of the streets is not the panacea to solving the problem unless well coordinated land-use planning and appropriate regulations are competently enforced.     

Two Simple Formulas for Evaluating the Lower Bound of the Impact Velocity in Vehicle–pedestrian Accidents

Formulas for evaluating the lower bound of the impact velocity are valuable in vehicle–pedestrian accident reconstruction. The theory of classical mechanics and four hypotheses were employed to derive formulas; the research results and simulation/accident tests were employed to validate their feasibility. Then, two simple formulas were developed according to the distance between the rest positions of the vehicle and the pedestrian and the flight‐phase distance. The results showed that the evaluated results by the two proposed formulas are inferior to the existing results. The influence of a roadside step on the impact velocity, which decreased with an increase in the flight‐phase distance and a reduction in the road slope, was evaluated. Based on a real accident, the study concludes that the lower bound can be easily obtained with the proposed formulas, which can be used to determine the evaluated impact velocity during simulations.