Ricochet of AK bullets (7,62 × 39 mm) on concrete and cement surfaces; a forensic-based study

The ricochet behaviour of AK bullets (7,62 x 39 mm) on two different concrete samples (rough and a cement-skimmed intermediate) and one cement sample were explored in this study. The estimated critical angles for these surfaces were shown to be 10.8° and 11.1° for the rough and intermediate concrete surfaces and 13.2° for the cement surfaces. In all occasions, fragmentation of the bullets was observed upon reaching critical angles. The results from the concrete surfaces highlighted the sensitivity of AK bullet ricochet angles from concrete surfaces with a different surface roughness and composition. Almost all resulting ricochet angles for the more frangible cement surfaces were observed to be much higher than currently reported literature would suggest. Consistent bullet wipe markings were observed on most samples, acting as a strong indicator for the directionality of the projectile during ricochet. Interestingly for the cement surface, a clear relationship was reported between the angle of incidence and the depth of the crater produced. Ultimately, this study highlights the potential uncertainties and possible errors that could occur in bullet trajectory determination from ricochet marks for this bullet and target combination if theoretic interpretations alone are used. There is no substitute for bullet and surfacespecific practical trials if the most accurate shooting scene reconstructions are to be carried out.     

Failed aid: how development agencies are neglecting and marginalising Rwandan genocide survivors

This Viewpoint argues that international development aid agencies have failed adequately to address the rights and needs of genocide survivors in Rwanda. It illustrates that genocide survivors remain impoverished and marginalised, and that development aid agencies only tangentially, if at all, acknowledge their vulnerability and take steps to empower them to realise their rights. It provides examples of aid programmes that are reaching genocide survivors and urges development aid agencies in Rwanda to design and implement programmes explicitly for genocide survivors.     

Sustaining livelihoods in complex emergencies: experiences of Sri Lanka

This article examines the role of context-specific factors that help to perpetuate the vulnerability of conflict-affected people. The discussion revolves around key concepts of household livelihood security, resilience building, income diversification, market access, and armed non-state actors. It is argued that, while conflict-affected households develop adaptive strategies to sustain their livelihoods amid the commonly observed vulnerabilities, the governance arrangements of the parties to the conflict can place stress on local initiatives, confining them to subsistence level and so reinforcing their vulnerability. Deeper analysis of the sources of vulnerability and implications of policy processes could help to inform intervention strategies.     

论信息社会之警务战略重构

信息社会的种种深刻变革对警务工作利弊并存,公安机关需要调整警务战略以顺应社会变迁。警务战略重构不是丢弃传统,也不仅仅是警务创新,而是将传统警务战略的部分内容与信息社会所需警务战略相结合,构建出新的警务战略系统。信息社会警务战略包括：社区警务战略,信息主导警务战略,预防警务战略,集约型警务战略。     

我国侦查主体设置的变迁与重构——以改革开放为研究起点

改革开放以来，我国侦查主体的设置总体上是符合发展规律的。但从新修订的刑事诉讼法及相关法律规范来看，仍存在着法律规定不统一、不详细且有相互矛盾之处等问题，而实践中侦查主体的侦查权和其他权力相互交错、权力滥用现象亦不少见。要改变这种现状，必须由法律统一并详细规定侦查主体，即各侦查机构及其人员组成，并努力向“大侦查机构”方向迈进。只有这样，才能使侦查主体的设置更加合法和合理。才能走向法治化和现代化。     

刑事诉讼证据分类重构与“合理心证”的引入

＂合理心证＂的引入和运作,需要对现有证据分类和证明力进行重新审视,构建以证明力为标准划分的纯（一类）客观证据、纯（一类）主观证据及次（二类）客观证据、次（二类）主观证据等主要种类,并在重视隐性证据作用的基础上,对心证过程施以合理制约和公开监督。     

我国经济增长“红利”的演变与再造

改革开放30多年来，我国经济增长的奇迹是人口、资源、环境、出口、改革、制度等诸多“红利”叠加的结果。随着传统红利的弱化或枯竭，我国经济增长减速明显，从一系列宏观经济先行指标（BDI、PMI、PPI、ICS等）疲软反映了当前我国经济运行的窘困。因此，研究我国红利要素构成、演变特点和释放规律，应对经济下行风险，意义重大。     

大部制视角下公安机关机构改革设想

党的十七大报告提出，要加大机构整合力度，探索实行职能有机统一的大部门体制。十一届全国人大一次会议审议通过了《国务院机构改革方案》，表明我国大部制改革已经起步。作为政府重要组成部门的公安机关，必须认真解读大部制所反映出来的改革理念，吸收借鉴其他国家和部门进行大部制改革的经验教训。探索公安机关机构改革的新路子，科学配置警力资源，更好地履行其职能。     

穆旦与《圣经》--兼论穆旦的三部诗剧

穆旦所关注的现代文明的文化危机与救赎企图和<圣经>的基本语境是相通的,<圣经>话语对穆旦诗歌精神结构的形成起着不可忽视的作用,上帝在穆旦诗歌中具有特殊的内涵与功能.其诗歌揭示了现代生活中因神的放逐带来的精神贫困及受难的现代意义.     

From humanitarian action to development aid in northern Uganda and the formation of a humanitarian-development nexus

The instituted order of humanitarianism is both changing and challenged. This article addresses the transition between humanitarian action and development aid in northern Uganda, which was driven by the government’s ambition to reassert its humanitarian sovereignty by discursively recasting the situation from one of crisis to one of recovery and development, regardless of the persistent humanitarian needs. In response, humanitarian actors either withdrew or moved into development aid. This bourgeoning humanitarian–development nexus questions the nature and future of humanitarianism and whether there is a hierarchy – or contradiction – between the humanitarian mandate and pragmatic approaches to save lives and protect civilians.