知识产权的公权利和私权利属性

权利可以分为公权利和私权利。法律社会化的趋势在促使社会法这一法域出现的同时 ,还导致了公权利和私权利的渗透和融合及混合权利的产生。混合权利强调对个人利益、社会公共利益以及国家利益保护的平衡 ,其实质体现了国家公权力的干预。知识产权的运行本体和运行过程无不散发出这种新型的混合权利的特质。明确知识产权所具备的公权利和私权利的双重权利属性 ,对于知识产权法的定位和基本原则的确立具有重要意义。     

公与私:中国行业协会的矛盾定位解析

随着社会主义市场经济的发展,行业协会作为一种同类企业间的联合互益组织在我国社会经济生活中起着日益重要的作用。但由于行业协会本身所蕴含的市场性以及我国对行业协会的特殊定位,其公益性与私益性的冲突成为制约我国行业协会发展的首要因素,因此探讨市场化的主流趋势与非营利化的新兴走向之间的异同,才能重新定义我国行业协会的发展路径。     

对私人住宅爆炸案件的现场勘验

私人住宅爆炸案件现场的勘验,既具有一般爆炸的一些共性,同时又具有其特殊性。在勘验时必须运用刑事技术、爆炸现场勘验的基本原理,结合现场爆炸的特点,寻找线索,为破案提供有力的证据。勘验程序涉及现场炸点、爆炸痕迹、爆炸残留物、爆炸人员损伤等内容。     

Transnational private governance between the logics of empowerment and control

Transnational private governance initiatives that address problems of social and environmental concern now pervade many sectors. In tackling distinct substantive problems, these programs have, however, prioritized different problem‐oriented logics in their institutionalized rules and procedures. One is a “logic of control” that focuses on ameliorating environmental and social externalities by establishing strict and enforceable rules; another is a “logic of empowerment” that concentrates on remedying the exclusion of marginalized actors in the global economy. Examining certification programs in the areas of fair trade, organic agriculture, fisheries, and forest management, we assess the evolutionary effects of programs prioritizing one logic and then having to accommodate the other. The challenges programs face when balancing between the two logics, we argue, elucidate specific distributional consequences for wealth, power, and regulatory capabilities that private governance programs seek to overcome.     

Ethnocompetitiveness,relations, and networks: towards rural sustainability

Small producers face various obstacles in placing their products on the global market. The most important obstacle is associated with the generation of innovative products in a dynamic context. This article presents a case study which provides support for a methodology designed to quantify the competitiveness of small and medium-sized local producers in relation to other producers in the same region and nation. It explores how the evolution of knowledge relates to the ability of agricultural producers to sell their products in regional and international markets. To do so, it utilises the concept of ethnocompetitiveness, which can be understood as the hybridisation of local knowledges with external or codified knowledge.     

Polarised narratives and complex realities in Tanzania’s Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor

This article assesses the controversy surrounding a high-profile agricultural investment initiative, the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT), which aims to modernise, commercialise, and transform Tanzania’s agricultural sector. Drawing on a review of SAGCOT literature and findings from consultations with SAGCOT stakeholders and intended beneficiaries, the article outlines the polarised narratives of “opportunity” and “risk” informing SAGCOT debates, and presents research findings that challenge these narratives. The findings suggest that agricultural investments are rarely as glamorous or as gloomy in practice as the polarised narratives around SAGCOT suggest, and illustrate the challenges involved in directing agricultural investments in ways that balance multiple interests and objectives in practice.     

论中国宪法的实施机制

从行政公法与刑事公法形成的历史动因来看,公法与私法的区分并非基于某种抽象的学说,而是基于特定的司法裁判程序设置以后审判实践之需要,法律程序在相当程度上形塑了法律规范的内容。宪法规范的调整范围涵括了公法与私法两大领域。代议机关的“立法程序”、行政机关的“肯定性行动”、特定机构的“宪法审查”等公法程序,构成了宪法实施的“公法机制”类型。“物权法”相关条款承接与转换宪法上的“国家所有权”条款,构成了宪法的私法实施条款。此外,司法机关在民事案件审理中的“合宪性推定”、“合宪性解释”,亦得构成宪法实施的另外一种“私法机制”。不过,宪法条款经由公权部门之适用介入私权领域和私法体系时,在侵权案件中还需遵循“私法规范优先适用”原则,在公权介入时还需遵循“比例原则”与“辅助性原则”。     

Administrative leaders as institutional entrepreneurs in developing countries: A study of the development and institutionalization of performance management in Ghana's public service

Performance management (PM) has become one of the most important reforms in the public sector in both developed and developing countries. Unfortunately, institutionalizing PM in the sector continues to be a major problem. Although a number of scholars continue to study the PM in the public sector from different theoretical perspectives, there has been paucity of research concerning the process of institutionalization. The few studies that have attempted to look at the process have done so from a “coercive isomorphism” perspective, especially through legislation. The lack of studies to examine the process of institutionalization has therefore created a gap, which needs to be filled. We therefore attempt to contribute to this discussion by exploring the role of institutional entrepreneurs and their impact on the development and institutionalization of PM in developing countries, with a particular focus on Ghana, a country obsessed with PM but was only able to institutionalize one in 2013 under the leadership of its Public Services Commission. How was the leadership of the PSC able to succeed where previous leaders could not? What characteristics did they display, and what strategies did they use to get things done? The research is a qualitative one.     

网络环境下私人复制著作权问题研究

在网络环境下,传统著作权法中为个人目的使用作品属于著作权限制的原则开始动摇。网络环境下对待私人复制的态度应以利益平衡原则为指导,在原则上将其纳入合理使用范畴时,给予一定限制。网络环境下私人复制及相关行为应区分不同情况确定其行为性质。为更好地调整因私人复制产生的社会关系,我国应利用《著作权法》第三次修改的大好时机对相关问题进行修改和完善。     

知识产权的国际私法保护：中国的实践

由于地域性特点的存在,知识产权的国际私法保护一直是理论上和实践上的一个难题。然而,随着“巴黎公约”、“伯尔尼公约”尤其是TRIPS协议的出现,知识产权保护制度朝着国际化方向不断发展。改革开放以来,中国越来越重视对涉外知识产权的保护,先后缔结或参加了一些保护知识产权的国际条约,在国内立法中也对涉外知识产权的保护问题作出了相应规定,特别是在2010年颁布的《涉外民事关系法律适用法》中设立专章规定了知识产权的法律适用。这些立法措施,对知识产权的国际保护起到了重要作用。