Party survival in parliament: Explaining party durability in lower-house parliaments

Approximately 70 per cent of the parties emerging in the post-Second World War era failed to keep their seats in parliament. Party survival is an important issue, especially in parliamentary democracies, where parties are the means through which voters’ preferences are linked to government policy outputs. Using an event history modeling framework, and data from 37 democracies, covering 830 parties, this article analyses two questions regarding party durability. First, when do parties fail? Second, which parties survive longer? The article shows that most parties fail at the beginning of their lifespan, and disappear before the end of their fourth term in parliament. Moreover, it is found that moderate policy position, distinct ideology and participation in governing coalitions increase the duration of party survival, even when controlling for party size. This article contributes to the extensive literature about the electoral benefits of ideological moderation and distinct policy positions by showing the long-term benefits of these factors. Moreover, the long-term benefit of party participation in government in terms of survival overcomes the short-term cost of ruling.     

论宏观审慎层面金融监管体制改革方向

宏观审慎监管强调从金融体系整体出发以有效防范系统风险，发达经济体的监管改革实践表明，虽然监管体制模式存在差异，但明确负责系统风险防范的监管机构已成为当下宏观审慎层面金融监管体制改革的共识。单一监管制是在完善监管机构职责基础上强化中央银行维护金融稳定的权责完善的系统风险防范体制，多头监管制则是建立独立的负责系统风险防范的机构或组织。上述两种模式实质体现出中央银行与监管机构的协调合作以及监管机构之间的协调合作是宏观审慎层面金融监管体制的改革方向。完善我国的部级监管联席会议制度将为未来我国宏观审慎层面监管体制的改革方向。     

论宅基地使用权的功能

宅基地使用权是一项重要的民事权利，其流转受到我国法律和政策的严格限制，但社会对于宅基地使用权能否流转的问题一直存在激烈争议，因此亟待学理探讨。对宅基地使用权功能的分析，能够为宅基地使用权能否流转的问题提供一个可资参考的判断依据。宅基地使用权的根本功能是保障生存利益的实现，必备功能是利用宅基地取得收益。基于根本功能，该权利的流转有助于生存利益在更大范围内实现。基于必备功能，实现该权利的交换价值符合正义原则。通过功能分析的方法可知，宅基地使用权的自由流转具有正当性。     

风险的体制性衰减:一个概念性分析框架

灾害社会科学的不断发展将灾害、危机、风险研究推向全景视阈，而组织视角的灾害风险分析则从中观层面为风险研究提供新的学术增量。随着现实社会中的风险规制体系复杂性程度剧增，风险组织中运作过程常常呈现衰减现象，组织困境已成为风险治理的模式与政策选择的重要因素。通过聚焦风险的体制性衰减问题的成因及过程，并就风险的体制性衰减的测度量纲进行尝试性探讨，借由所提出的概念性框架对转型期风险规制体制设计提供理论支撑。     

论“政权党”——以当代俄罗斯和中华民国初年政党政治为例

本文详细考察了当代俄罗斯和中华民国初年的政党政治和政治制度,认为二者都是以政权党为显著特征的政党政治,表现出总统重视政党的作用,善于利用政权党来巩固政治地位但又超越政权党,具有不受任何党派约束的巨大权威;政权党虽然能得到总统的支持,但是无法成为执政党,因而表现出既支持政府又批评政府,既与政府合作又与政府斗争的特征。由此得出结论,政权党是一种在政党与政权关系问题上相对于执政党、在野党之外的又一政党类型,有其特定的历史文化基础。     

非常夫妻财产制的若干问题研究

作为夫妻财产制的重要组成部分,非常夫妻财产制对于保护夫妻合法权益和维系交易安全具有不可替代的重要意义。在我国实行非常夫妻财产制已经具有思想基础、经济基础和法律依据,国外的立法和司法实践也为此提供了可供借鉴的经验。当正常夫妻财产制的适用基础丧失时,具有特定主体资格的当事人可以申请法院宣告适用非常夫妻财产制,并同时请求对共同财产的处置权利进行限制。一旦其适用情形不复存在,夫妻双方皆可申请恢复普通夫妻财产制。     

Out of the ashes of eugenics: diagnostic regimes in the United States and the making of a disability minority

Both early twentieth-century eugenics and late-century genetics authorize,anchor and certify diagnostic regimes Each discourse is positioned around a historical trajectory that moves from a 'curative ' promise of rehabilitation to an increasingly 'custodial ' proposition involving the pathologization and oversight of groups viewed as non-normative.Snyder and Mitchell interpret eugenics in the United States as an expansive testing regime that produced disabled people as a species of defective intelligence and aberrant physiology.What resulted was a frenzy of medical assessment that produced - for a time - a 'subnormal ' nation out of the classification of 'defective ' biologies..The newly professional scientific disciplines flocked to participate in the identification,care and training of those labelled 'feeble-minded '.Proliferating scientific representations of those deemed to inhabit 'subnormal ' bodies ultimately provided the justification for institutionalizing,sterilizing and destroying the liberty of those classified as inferior.The authors understand the repercussions of this methodology not as 'flawed ' science,,but as the basis for contemporary definitions of disability as degrees of deviation from profoundly subjective aesthetic and functional criteria.A study of the eugenics movement in the United States demonstrates that what we refer to today as physical and cognitive disability provides two paradoxical outcomes:first,those labelled as recipients of curative interventions tend to suffer the residual taint of their pathological identifications,while failing to benefit from the initial promises of 'cure ' so zealously espoused by diagnostic regimes; second, those who occupy medically based classifications of deviance serve as models for a more general comprehension of human biology even as the research subjects themselves are marginalized from social participation.     

文化展演视角下少数民族移民节日文化变迁研究——以汶川地震异地安置羌族搬迁前后的羌历年庆祝活动为例

节日文化通常是一个民族生活文化精粹的集中展示。汶川地震跨市州异地安置点邛崃市南宝乡木梯村和油榨乡直台村于2010年11月6日举办的首届羌历年庆祝活动可被视为观察羌族移民文化变迁的窗口。从"文化展演"的视角观察,羌历年庆祝活动在内容与形式方面的坚持和变化在彰显羌族移民民族身份的同时,也反映了羌族移民在迁入地的文化生存策略。     

韩国人权保障法律制度研究

1948年以来,韩国的人权状况随着国内政权的更迭和逐渐民主而出现从压制逐渐过渡到有力保障的过程,韩国的人权保障法律制度在其民主化进程中逐步完善并向系统化发展,主要表现在韩国1987年宪法对基本人权的规定,同时韩国加入与人权有关的国际条约,来巩固和加强对人权的保护力度,并且按照相关国际条约向国际组织报告韩国的人权状况,接受国际评论。然而,个人申诉权在韩国并没有真正得以实施。     

略论陕甘宁边区政权建设的特点及其经验

陕甘宁边区的政权建设经历了新民主主义革命的3个历史时期，实现了两次政权性质的转变，完整地反映了中国革命的基本特点。边区长期在中共中央领导之下，决定了政权建设的地位和模范作用，正确处理了同国民党政权的关系，贯彻了中共中央的独立自主的原则，最终使边区政权成为新中国政权的雏形。