Crucial Factors in Implementing Radical Policy Change: A Comparative Longitudinal Study of Nordic Central Agency Relocation Programs

Abstract

Why do public policies succeed or fail? The aim of this article is to contribute to answering this enduring research question in policy research through a comparative study of the variable efforts by Nordic governments to relocate their central agencies from the capital regions over a period of several decades. This was a radical redistributive policy program premised on a policy instrument – coercion – which was very alien to political systems characterized as consensual democracies. Hence, it is no surprise that only two out of seven relocation programs of any substance were successful. The really intriguing research question here is how any relocation program was achievable at all in a policy context where this was very unlikely. A broadly based multi-theoretical analytical framework linking interest groups, institutions, human agency in the form of policy entrepreneurship/design and situational factors is employed to solve this research puzzle. Findings from this study offer important contributions to the following research fields: comparative public policy, radical policy change and most specifically the so-called third generation of public policy implementation research.     

城市改造过程中拆迁对未成年人的影响

城市发展必然伴随着拆迁,拆迁向来是非常敏感的社会问题。政府、媒体、研究机构及专家更多关注成人世界在拆迁过程中的利益问题,却都忽视了这个大环境下的最大受害者未成年人。拆迁必然对未成年人思想道德、心理健康、世界观、人生观、价值观产生影响,需要研究和拟定预防及应对策略。     

ROCK‐PAPER‐SCISSORS: PLAYING THE ODDS WITH THE LAW OF CHILD RELOCATION

This article offers for inspection the proposition that the adversarial evidence‐based litigation process is unsuitable for resolving custody cases in general and relocation cases in particular. It analyzes the leading cases from New York, Massachusetts, California, England, Canada, and Australia. It reaches a conclusion that no jurisdiction has devised a legal standard or formula that enables a judge to predict the future best interest of a child if that child is allowed to relocate with one parent away from the other. For this reason, the court has a duty to offer as sophisticated and friendly a settlement process and atmosphere as possible. However, knowing that judges will still be required to resolve these difficult cases because they often seem impervious to settlement, the article offers thirty‐six factors that a court should consider in all move‐away cases. By relying on each of these factors that is relevant to the case, the parents will have an understanding of why the decision was made the way it was and it will also allow for effective appellate review.     

CHILD RELOCATION: AN INTRACTABLE INTERNATIONAL FAMILY LAW PROBLEM

This article examines the current state of the law on child relocation across the major common law‐based jurisdictions, with particular emphasis on the contrasting approaches to the problem in Australia and the United Kingdom. It then goes on to suggest changes aimed at achieving more principled and predictable outcomes.     

Targeting relevant sampling areas for human biological traces: Where to sample displaced bodies for offender DNA?

Sampling strategy is one of the deciding factors in DNA typing success rates. Small amounts of bodily fluid traces and (skin) contact traces are currently not visualized in standard forensic practice. Trace recovery is usually based on the information available in a particular case and on the experience and ‘forensic common sense’ applied by the trace recovery expert. Interactions between an offender and a victim may have characteristic features, resulting in specific trace patterns. Understanding these interactions, and their resulting trace patterns, might improve crime related trace recovery as well as DNA typing success rates.In this study, we examined the interactions between offender and victim when a body has been relocated from one position/location to another. The contact between the hands of the offender and the body of the victim was visualized using a fluorescent dye in a lotion that was applied to the hands of the individual undertaking the relocation. The contact locations were scored and patterns were analyzed based on both victim and offender characteristics (height, weight, age, gender). The resulting patterns were compared to current trace recovery practices in the Netherlands. The results of this large-scale study facilitate evidence-based sampling supporting both investigative and evaluative forensic examinations.     

论城市房屋拆迁的行政法规制

目前的城市房屋拆迁 ,本质上是一种对城市房屋所有人的房屋及其国有土地使用权的行政征收行为。现行国务院《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》回避了宪法所规定的出于公共利益需要的法定事由 ,缺省了城市房屋拆迁应当遵循的基本原则 ,混淆了城市房屋拆迁的基本程序。应从下列三方面依法规范 :一是通过概括和列举方式依法科学界定公共利益的含义及具体事项 ;二是将公益原则、比例原则、信赖保护原则明确确立为城市房屋拆迁的基本原则 ;三是依法确立并规范有关城市拆迁规划、拆迁决定、补偿安置、房屋拆除等相应的城市房屋拆迁程序     

The unheeded present and the impossible future: temporalities of relocation after Typhoon Haiyan

Recovery plans were developed for both the Philippines and Tacloban City in particular. They framed Haiyan as a climate change emergency, and sought to respond to future risks to the city and country. This focus on future recovery came at the expense of attention to the transitional needs of those worst affected by the Typhoon. International humanitarian organizations were co-opted into the government’s refusal of transitional assistance to Tacloban City shoreline residents. This was because they construed their mandate of apolitical assistance in a particular way. An alternative framing of emergency deployed by a local organization produced a very different result. In order to respond to the range of temporal needs in post-disaster situations, humanitarian actors need to be cognizant of the range of epistemic frameworks available to them.     

职务犯罪预防在化解社会矛盾中的效能研究——以农村房屋拆迁社会管理创新为视角

梳理农村房屋拆迁过程中职务犯罪的高发坏节，整理近年来该领域的重要案件，立足于检察机关职务犯罪预防的职能作用，创新社会管理化解农村社会矛盾，找出农村拆迁过程中职务犯罪预防的现状和不足，提出改进和完善之道，力图使职务犯罪预防工作在农村房屋拆迁领域起到积极作用，从而化解社会矛盾为农村社会健康稳定发展保驾护航。     

城市房屋拆迁许可行为的法律思考

随着市场经济的进一步发展,城市化的进程越来越快,城市房屋拆迁许可行为在实践中暴露出了许多问题,有的已相当严重。在城市房屋拆迁许可行为实体内容方面,应明确区分两种目的的拆迁即公益性的拆迁和商业性的拆迁,在拆迁许可条件中,解决＂一女二嫁＂的土地权属问题,同时,将签订补偿安置协议作为许可的一项条件。程序方面应加入通知程序和听证程序,并且对拆迁期限作出更加明确科学的规定。