语言思想:语言学研究的一个新领域

经过语言人类学家的梳理,“语言思想”已经逐步形成了语言学研究的一个新兴领域,吸引着越来越多学者的研究兴趣:重新确定语言学的研究对象,改变几十年来主导语言学界的语言思想,重新审视一些核心观念并构筑新的理论框架。对于语言思想的研究也应脱离同质性的文化模式,并把它作为一种社会过程,挖掘在这种过程中存在于同一语言社区的不同理念及差异、在特定的社会历史条件下是如何经过相互竞争而形成或改造的原因。     

试论我国县级政府转变职能和机构改革的重点与难点

本文着重研究了县级政府机构改革应牢牢抓住职能转变这个重点和关键,通过重组政府职能体系,构筑社会经济中介服务组织,规范行政行为,维持经济秩序等方面的工作实现职能转变;同时在转变职能的前提下进行机构改革。最后本文还有针对性地提出了县级政府转变职能和进行机构改革的思路。     

Making the Harder Yards: Environmental Policy Integration in Australia

Solutions to environmental problems such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and land and water resource degradation require long term integration of economic, social and environmental policies. This poses challenges to specialised, hierarchical public administration systems. The study reported here examined strategies, structures and processes to enable environmental policy integration in six Australian states and territories, and some federal arrangements. The study found that the most prominent success factors, barriers and gaps that affect environmental policy integration relate to leadership, long term embedding of environmental policy integration and implementation capacity. Factors deserving further research and policy attention include leadership, cultural change and capacity building; embedding sustainability in structures and processes; development of a long term evidence based approach; strengthening decentralised implementation arrangements; and evaluation of policy integration initiatives.     

CRIMINAL ACHIEVEMENT, OFFENDER NETWORKS AND THE BENEFITS OF LOW SELF-CONTROL

This study follows recent research on criminal earnings and examines the impact of underlying traits (low self-control) and personal organization features (nonredundant networking) on the criminal earnings of a sample of incarcerated offenders previously involved in market and predatory crimes. Controlling for various background factors (age, noncriminal income, lambda and costs of doing crime), both low self-control and nonredundant networking independently explain why some offenders are more successful than others in achieving higher monetary standards through crime. Although efficient, brokerage-like networking enhances market offenders' earnings, low self-control emerges as an asset for predatory offenders: the lower their self-control, the higher their criminal earnings. For market offenders, however, low self-control has no direct effect, but it does mitigate the impact of effective networking on criminal earnings. The results emerging from this study have implications for Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory of crime and the advent of a criminal network perspective. Extensions are also made toward the conventional/criminal embeddedness framework and deterrence research.     

实践意识·制度结构·权力资源--从结构化理论看思想政治工作有效性问题

结构化理论是社会学中揭示个人行为与社会系统互动关系的重要理论之一.其中实践意识、结构性制约和权力资源配置的论述,对于我们进一步探寻教育者、受教育者、制度等思想政治工作变量间的内在联系,深入探讨如何增强思想政治工作有效性有着重要的启示作用.这表现在整合官兵的实践意识,为增强军队思想政治工作有效性提供坚实的思想基础;优化制度结构,为增强有效性提供科学的制度保障;合理运用权力资源,为增强有效性提供有力的权威支持.     

从语言学角度分析讯问言语及预设的运用

讯问语言属于应用语言学中言语交际学研究的对象,是一种特殊的言语交际活动。它与其他言语交际有共同的一面,但更重要的是有其特殊性的一面。讯问特殊的交际环境,使讯问言语具有其不同于其他言语的交际原则。通过语言学的角度分析讯问中言语的应用,寻找科学有效的言语表达方式对于侦查实践是非常有益的。     

Intravenous Drug Use and HIV in Estonia: Socio-Economic Integration and Development of Indicators Regarding the Right to Health for its Russian-Speaking Population

This article seeks to highlight some potential indicators and benchmarks for the right to health under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ratified by Estonia. These potential key indicators, as part of a human rights based approach to health indicators being developed by the UN Special Rapporteur, are argued to be particularly important in the context of the exceptionally high HIV rates among the Russian speaking population in Estonia. The historical emergence of the HIV epidemic in Estonia is traced, comparing its development with the situations in Latvia and Lithuania. This article describes the current extent of the HIV epidemic in Estonia which is the country with the highest reported number of HIV infections per capita in Europe, a number impacting in an extremely disproportionate fashion on its Russian-speaking population, particularly in North-Eastern Estonia. Understanding of the HIV epidemic in Estonia cannot exclude the social contextual factors of the social marginalization of many among the Russian-speaking population, the ‹alien’ status of those without citizenship of Estonia or any other State, and other failures of Estonian State policy with regard to intravenous drug use and HIV in the recent past. HIV among the prison population is also examined as disproportionately impacting upon Russian-speaking prisoners. It is argued that the language and logic of the Estonian State Integration Programme, as well as Estonia’s Second Report on the implementation of the Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (2004) which refer to its Russian-speaking citizens as ‹non-Estonians’ is discrimination based on ethnic origin. In order to develop a system of State accountability in relation to the right to health, candidate indicators and benchmarks are proposed as structural, process and outcome indicators relevant to Estonia regarding the right to health and HIV, intravenous drug use, socio-economic integration and its Russian-speaking population. Dr. Paul Downes is Director of the Educational Disadvantage Centre, St. Patrick’s College, Drumcondra, Dublin, Ireland.     

乡镇企业改制中的法律问题

乡镇企业改制是对历史遗留问题的理顺,其中涉及到政府、集体组织其他成员、企业负责人及企业职工等各方利益。依法界定企业产权关系,充分体现并协调好各利益相关者权益是法治社会的基本要求。为此必须树立并提高各利益相关者的法律意识。     

The EU's Climate Leadership: Reconciling Ambition and Reality

This article argues that while the EU aspires to and is capable of structural, directional and instrumental leadership in the global climate regime, it thus far has not fully utilized this potential. Partly this is because the EU's shortcomings with respect to implementation have reduced the credibility of its leadership, partly because the complex internal negotiations tend to divert attention away from consideration of the impacts of its negotiation position on other countries. Nonetheless, the EU is moving the regime-building process forward. It is recommended that if the EU wishes to continue acting as a leader, it then needs to combine the three types of leadership with a short, medium and long-term strategy.     

利用网络言语特征刻画犯罪嫌疑人基本方法研究

随着网络语言广泛普及使用,犯罪言语呈现出网络言语独有特点。本文研究犯罪中的网络言语现象,揭示其个性化、形象化、口语化、符号化等特征,从语言学及鉴定学层面分析网络言语识别的可行性,并总结利用网络言语特征刻画犯罪嫌疑人性别、年龄、职业、民族、文化程度、心理的技术方法。