Evicting the Speaking Subject: A Critique of Latvian Concepts of Language

This paper highlights some peculiarities of the nation–language conflation in Latvian linguistics and traces their evolution. Treating language as the perfect structure consolidating ideal speakers, linguists perceive native speakers as a homogenous community whose task is to reproduce the normative language structure. Speaking subjects are denied social agency, and divergence from the norm in communication is treated as an error. The paper argues that empirically observed language use can be explained by taking into account the pragmatic intentions of speaking subjects.     

媒体对涉警事实的结构性描述以及警方的应对

媒体在尊重真实报道的前提下通过写作方法的运用来吸引受众对其传播事实的关注,这一写作方法可以概括为媒体对事实的结构性描述。即在不破坏事实真实性前提下,利用写作技巧对事实进行描述以追求特定的叙事寓意与传播效果。在当前媒体迎合受众需要、追求市场效应的背景下,媒体对涉警事实更是通过事实的结构性描述来强化报道能够吸引受众的事实的要素,其特定的传播效果可以引起公众对警方的不满。对此,警方应该要有应对的意识和方法。     

探究法治实现的理论——法律方法论的学科群建构

为法治寻找实现的路径是法律方法论研究的任务之一。然而,作为实践哲学的法律方法论并不是法律人办案的行动方案,是一种理论形态,描述的仍然是法律思维方式。对法律思维的研究需要运用综合性的方法,这是因为即使是通过法律的治理也是多途径的。从理论上看,哲学的、逻辑的、语言的、修辞的和解释的方法都对法律判断有着重要的影响,法律方法理论体系的建构需要这些学科的支持。从法科人士研习法律方、法论的过程来看,作为方法论的法律哲学、法治所需要的法律逻辑学、法律修辞学、法律语言学和指引司法活动的法律解释学等学科,构成了法律方法论的基础理论体系。这些学科既提出了法治所需要的客观性、合法性、合理性以及对创造性的限制等理论,也在一定程度上探寻这些理论实现的途径。在学科交叉的意义上,法律方法论的研究既可以拓宽专业领域,也可以积淀深厚而广泛的理论基础。     

A Morphological and Morphometric Study of Bite Marks Caused by Mice (Mus Musculus) on Different Baits for Forensic Purposes

In animal bites, the dental attributes can be fundamental in identifying the marks made by various species on different matrices. Although rodent bite marks have been studied in the context of postmortem interference, little research has used different baits to analyze these marks linking not only specific behavior patterns but also the possibility of structural damage. Twenty mice (Mus musculus) were exposed to different baits to study their bite marks in a controlled model. The known pattern of parallel and multiple grooves has been seen in all baits, but polyvinyl chloride and fiber‐optic cable were significantly different between each other and the other baits. Some baits showed patterns of anchorage of the upper incisors and space between the lower incisors when gnawing. This technical note represents a novel model of analysis where veterinarians and/or dentists may be asked to give an opinion on alleged animal bite marks.     

马克思主义中国化的社会主体及其结构内涵

马克思主义中国化的社会主体是有效推动并实现马克思主义中国化持续、快速而健康发展的社会力量或关系力量的总称;在＂应然＂逻辑层面上,马克思主义中国化的社会主体表现为一种＂以社会为本位＂的逻辑结构;历史地看,马克思主义中国化的社会主体表现为一个由原初态、次生态和新生态构成的历史结构。     

The Impact of School Policing on Student Behaviors in Ohio Public Schools

The present study examined variations in incidents of student insubordination and violence using an individual change model, which allowed for repeated observations of student behaviors in 148 Ohio schools at the initial status (2010) and over time (2010 and 2014). Findings were significant only at the initial status. As school size and total number of school policing measures increased, so did student incidents of insubordination in 2010. School policing and the percentage of economic disadvantage did not predict violence. Findings considered the number of behavior incidents with respect to policing in all school locales, revealing the impact of school policing on student behaviors may transcend race and geographic location.     

我国民事审判"终审不终"的法社会学视角

入世后的中国民事审判试图根治"终审不终"的沉疴,其病因不能只从字面的法律规定方面探寻,影响法律运行的诉讼观念和法治生态等法社会学因素同样不可忽视.对"有错必纠"和"以事实为根据"等原则的"消化不良"是程序安定和诉讼风险意识缺失的病根,现行民事审判监督程序的结构缺陷及其在社会生活中的运行失范则是"终审不终"的表征和并发.     

农民增收难的原因及对策

传统观点认为，政府投入少、工农产品价格“剪刀差”是农民增收难的主要原因，而当前农民增收难在很大程度上与经济结构调整步伐慢有关。因此，加快农业产业结构调整应成为今后农民增收工作的主线，延长农业产业链是其首要的选择。     

Latent-variable models in criminological research: Applications and a generalization of Joreskog's LISREL model

This paper examines issues in LISREL models involving latent, or unobserved, variables. We discuss estimating parameters in multiple-indicator models, various approaches to assessing goodness of fit, different types of linear measurement models, using LISREL to correct for attenuation in models involving single indicators with known reliabilities, and estimating parameters in structural equation models involving latent exogenous and endogenous variables. Finally, we present a generalization of the standard LISREL model which explicitly identifies implicit constraints on parameters in the standard LISREL model. We argue that the generalization can accommodate a wider range of models and provide additional diagnostic information on some assumptions in the standard LISREL model. By example, we show how the more general model can be estimated using Joreskog's LISREL program.     

我国西部以大开放促大开发的战略构想

我国在西部大开发中,应实施"东合西展、南下北上、扩大开放、促进开发"的战略构想,以大开放促大开发,以同东部和中部地区的经贸合作为重点,全方位、多层次、宽领域地对外开放,以进出口商品结构的调整和优化,带动产业结构的调整和优化,以引进外资和对外投资的扩大,促进重点产业的发展和进出口的扩大,这是实现西部大开发各项战略目标的保证.