首都经济结构战略性调整的若干问题

“十五”期间，首都经济结构调整的主要任务应是产业结构调整、所有制结构调整以及经济体制的转迹和制度建设；经济结构调整应与较快的增长速度相适应；应着力培育一批新的经济增长点，淘汰一批生产能力落后的企业；应大力加强各项制度建设，为经济结构调整提供新的动力机制和保障机制。     

外国直接投资与东道国产业关联演进

在世界经济一体化过程中,外国资本的进入将直接或间接影响到东道国产业结构的改造与升级,出现一些值得经济学界关注的变化,尤其是外国投资与东道国"非均衡"发展的关联性。在中国经济进入重化工业时期,重化工业的扩张也由于本国资源、技术、资金等限制而难以为继。为此,在积极引进外资的同时,要着力培育新型产业。基于日本前期产业升级的经验,中国在产业结构升级的第三阶段,应该转向低资源投入、低污染、高附加值的产业发展即新型工业化之路。     

Prison commitments,crime, and unemployment: A theoretical and empirical specification for the United States, 1933–1985

This paper examines sources for the changing commitment rates to U.S. state prisons (PCR) from 1933 to 1985 using a variety of time-series techniques. Theoretically, it resolves ambiguous interpretations of how crime, unemployment, and imprisonment are related. Hypotheses that crime and punishment are in equilibrium are rejected. Our final specification supports theories integrating institutionally endogenous and socially exogenous causes of prison use and includes feedback effects between crime and punishment. We reached several general conclusions. (1) Changes in PCR are due partly to changes in the levels of unemployment, age composition of the population, and military active-duty rates. (2) Effects of the criminal justice system, captured as autoregressive institutional drift, account for approximately half of the year-to-year fluctuations in the PCR. The contemporaneous prison discharge rate also influences the rate of prison commitments. (3) Neither the specified nor the unspecified institutional effects mediate the effects of other exogenous variables. (4) Under most simultaneous-equation specifications, the crime rate is moderately influenced by the contemporaneous unemployment rate and strongly influenced by prior levels of prison commitments. The preferred simultaneous causal model estimates a modest positive coefficient for the unemployment-crime causal path and a substantial positive coefficient for the unemployment-prison commitment causal path.     

Structural weaknesses and the role of the dominant political party: democratic backsliding in Croatia since EU accession

ABSTRACT

Croatia is regarded as a success story of the EU’s enlargement policy. However, this narrative conflicts with the situation on the ground and with expert surveys, which depict incremental, yet persistent democratic backsliding in recent years. A shift towards illiberal practices, primarily focused on the liberal part of the liberal-democratic nexus, is taking place. This research aims to explore the prevalence and causes for the re-emergence of illiberal practices in Croatia by employing an interpretive method to evidence gathered from media articles and research reports published 2013–2019. The use of illiberal policies by the governing Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) in three areas of the political system – the capture of independent agencies, control of the judiciary, and the weakening of independent media – is found to be the driver of democratic backsliding. Causes are found in structural reasons linked to the dominant party. Without either internal power-sharing constraints or external EU conditionality pressure, the HDZ has been able to take advantage of structural weaknesses of the system it built and shaped during the 1990s.     

加德纳与早期语用学思想

在西方语言学史上 ,现代英国语言学占据显著的位置。特别是重视语言功能研究的伦敦学派闻名遐尔。但是 ,除了马林诺夫斯基和弗斯 ,还应该看到语言学家加德纳的贡献。加德纳不仅在普通语言学理论上可与索绪尔媲美 ,而且还是伦敦学派重语言使用和功能传统的开山人物之一。其在海外的丰富经历 ,特别是与德国语言学界和心理学界的长期交往 ,为英国语言学带来了宝贵的补充。本文就加德纳的语言理论 ,尤其是他的语用学思想 ,作些初步但必要的发掘。     

生活质量评价若干问题探讨

生活质量是人们对生活的全面评价和总结。对其进行评价时 ,必须遵循一定的原则构建有关生活质量的指标体系。城市化低下是影响我国居民生活质量的主要原因所在 ,因此 ,大力发展经济 ,促进城市化建设将成为提高我国人民生活质量的重要推动因素。     

中国结构性腐败的成因与综合治理

中国的结构性腐败有其深刻的体验结构性和制度结构性原因.体验结构性原因源于官本位的价值观、德本财末的伦理观、独尊的政治文化和礼治的法律文化传统等的消极影响.制度结构性原因包括传统政治观和本位主义的消极影响,以及缺乏制约的集权结构.要对其进行综合治理,必须使程序和规则法制化,建立完备的法律体系和对公共权力进行制约.     

传统现实主义与结构现实主义的比较分析

现实主义是国际政治领域有典型代表意义的理论 ,是国际关系两大传统理论之一。其思想渊源可以上溯到 2 4 0 0多年之前 ,二战以后到 2 0世纪 6 0年代以前是传统现实主义的全盛期 ,被许多国家推崇为分析世界局势 ,制订外交政策的实践指导。 6 0年代以后 ,随着世界各国形势的发展变化及全球化趋势的不断加强 ,现实主义学派的学者试图从新的视角 ,新的方法来研究国际政治与国际关系领域的各种问题及内在联系 ,于是产生了与传统现实主义既相联又相区别的结构现实主义。本文将对新旧两种现实主义理论的产生背景 ,内容特点 ,研究方法作一比较分析。     

文学作品的四层次结构理论

文学作品的结构层次应该是由语言符号层、意象符号层、意义意蕴层和生命意识层构成的一个有机整体。其中 ,生命意识层是其最深层次。     

European Structural Policy: Bend or Break

This article deals with the consequences for the European Structural Policy (ESP) of the extension of the EU with countries from Central and East Europe. It argues that the allocation mechanism of financial assistance from the structural funds must be changed profoundly in order to gain a balanced system of distributing the available funds. In view of the changing Common Agricultural Policy and international trade policy in the framework of the WTO the European Structural Policy will become gradually more important. In order to compensate for the decreasing price support for agricultural products extension of structural assistance in the near future is inevitable.