“深度伪造”的技术逻辑与法律变革

"深度伪造"(Deepfake)是指对图像、视频和音频进行超现实的数字伪造。尽管该技术在艺术、医疗、教育等领域显现出独特的魅力,但其对既存法律制度也产生了深度冲击。"深度伪造"呈现出大众数据被深度裹挟、合成作品真伪莫辨、既存秩序规则备受冲击等技术风险。与之关联的法律风险也如影随形,具体表现为:版权规则的重构、侵害法益路径的翻新以及言论自由含义的重申。为了回应上述风险,需要根植"柔性"治理的思维,明确"深伪"的管理主体,类比"演绎作品"处置,构建层次分明的责任体系,勘定"不得诽谤"的自由界限,力图实现法律与技术共存共融之愿景。     

我国版权技术措施刑法保护的必要性探析

版权技术措施虽然是保护版权的私力手段,但其本身也需要法律的保护,无论是从版权技术措施作用机制、遏制版权技术措施规避行为角度,还是从履行国际义务的方面来看,对版权技术措施既需要民法保护,更需要刑法保护。     

知母须根化学成分研究

目的 对知母（Anemarrhena asphodeloide Bunge.）的干燥须根进行化学成分研究。方法 采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱及重结晶等手段进行分离纯化,运用波谱学方法鉴定化合物的结构。结果 从知母须根中分离得到15个化合物,分别鉴定为胡萝卜苷(1)、菝葜皂苷元(2)、芒果苷(3)、7-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-chroman(4)、3′-hydroxy-4′-methoxy-4-dehydroxynyasol(5)、5, 7-dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-chroman-4-one(6)、2,4′-dihydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone(7)、1,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-4-en-1-one(8)、(+)-syringaresinol(9)、ent-16, 17-dihydroxy-kauran-19-oic acid (10)、(+)-pinoresinol (11)、对羟基苯甲酸(12)、新芒果苷(13)、丁香酸 (14)、4′,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxy- benzophenone-2-O-(2″), 3-C-(1″)-1-desoxy-α-L-fructofuranoside (15)。结论 化合物5～11、14、15为首次从知母须根中分离得到。     

开发数字电视机顶盒共享器的知识产权问题解析——兼谈数字电视业务的反垄断法规制

数字电视机顶盒是保护视听节目内容与信号的一种版权技术措施,但＂一机一盒＂技术措施的合法性应受反垄断法的审查。开发节约资费型共享器可适用著作权保护的＂个人使用＂例外;开发独立选台型共享器及用于酒店等经营性场所的共享器将构成版权侵权。对机顶盒内部的半导体及程序进行反向工程的行为可能会侵犯机顶盒原始创新权利人的知识产权。以机顶盒业务为例,反垄断法的功能与价值在知识产权领域应受到重视。     

基因权的私法证成和价值分析

人类基因本质上是一种人格利益,通过法解释的路径能够在私法上生成基因权概念。在私法上,基因权是人基于自己的特定基因而享有的权利,属于人格权范畴,包括基因平等权、基因自主权、基因隐私权、基因公开权等。基因公开权具有财产权属性,是基因人格权在不可让渡规则下的延伸,公开只是基因人格利益的物化之利用。基因权存在的正当性基础在于自然权利的实质法源。基因权的法价值在于人性尊严之表彰、人格利益之维护、技术理性之历练等方面。     

Probabilistic genotyping of single cell replicates from complex DNA mixtures recovers higher contributor LRs than standard analysis

DNA mixtures are a common source of crime scene evidence and are often one of the more difficult sources of biological evidence to interpret. With the implementation of probabilistic genotyping (PG), mixture analysis has been revolutionized allowing previously unresolvable mixed profiles to be analyzed and probative genotype information from contributors to be recovered. However, due to allele overlap, artifacts, or low-level minor contributors, genotype information loss inevitably occurs. In order to reduce the potential loss of significant DNA information from donors in complex mixtures, an alternative approach is to physically separate individual cells from mixtures prior to performing DNA typing thus obtaining single source profiles from contributors. In the present work, a simplified micro-manipulation technique combined with enhanced single-cell DNA typing was used to collect one or few cells, referred to as direct single-cell subsampling (DSCS). Using this approach, single and 2-cell subsamples were collected from 2 to 6 person mixtures. Single-cell subsamples resulted in single source DNA profiles while the 2-cell subsamples returned either single source DNA profiles or new mini-mixtures that are less complex than the original mixture due to the presence of fewer contributors. PG (STRmix™) was implemented, after appropriate validation, to analyze the original bulk mixtures, single source cell subsamples, and the 2-cell mini mixture subsamples from the original 2–6-person mixtures. PG further allowed replicate analysis to be employed which, in many instances, resulted in a significant gain of genotype information such that the returned donor likelihood ratios (LRs) were comparable to that seen in their single source reference profiles (i.e., the reciprocal of their random match probabilities). In every mixture, the DSCS approach gave improved results for each donor compared to standard bulk mixture analysis. With the 5- and 6- person complex mixtures, DSCS recovered highly probative LRs (≥10²⁰) from donors that had returned non-probative LRs (<10³) by standard methods.     

技术侦查的确立对刑事诉讼目的的影响——从功利主义的观点出发

2013年1月1日正式实施的刑事诉讼法确立的技术侦查措施,是立法者诉讼理念的转变,将技术侦查措施的授权从普通法律提升到国家基本程序法的高度,有利于技术侦查规范化和法治化,对于刑事诉讼能够充分发挥打击犯罪与保障人权作用,具有重大进步意义。但囿于现阶段立法的不健全不完善,技术侦查措施在司法实践中亦将难施拳脚。文章将在对技术侦查措施对实现刑事诉讼目的利弊进行分析的基础上,运用功利主义的合理观点,从取证手段横向比较与"保护"和"侵犯"纵向权衡两方面,分析当前技术侦查措施对刑事诉讼目的的影响,并提出相应完善建议。     

Implementing the Foundations of Learning Project: Considerations for Preschool Intervention Research

While studies have documented the importance of strong implementation in intervention studies (e.g., see Durlak & Dupre, 2008 Durlak , J. A. , & Dupre , E. P. ( 2008 ). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation . American Journal of Community Psychology , 41 , 327 – 350 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), more information is needed about how to ensure strong fidelity and quality of program implementation when delivering interventions under “real world conditions” and on a large scale. In this article, key lessons in implementing a demonstration and evaluation project known as the Foundations of Learning (FOL) demonstration are presented. Our discussion highlights several key components to the success of the project, including the building of effective coalitions before, and during, the delivery of the intervention to support the implementation process, as well as intensive, collaborative, and multilayered technical assistance provided as the intervention was delivered. Key lessons learned over the course of this project represent some that are highly consistent with prior research on this topic, as well as some that are unique, thus representing new areas for exploration in this burgeoning area of study.