试论数码时代的照片证据规则

照片证据在刑事案件的侦查与审判中举足轻重,对案件的证明起到了至关重要的作用。但随着数码照相器材和PS技术的快速发展,照片的制作出现了新的变化,对数码照片进行后期修饰与合成的简单易行使得通过数码设备和技术得到的照片作为刑事案件的证据是否合法、是否如实地记录和反映了案件的真实情况受到了怀疑。通过完善照片证据规则和在侦查、审判阶段使用不同标准可作为解决照片作为刑事证据的合法性与证明力问题的一种方案。     

视频监控在案件侦办中的应用

城市视频监控遍布大街小巷,能够直接或间接地记录犯罪过程,使案件侦办从以前的分析、推理、判断发展到今天的直观可见。但基于现有案件侦办模式和监控图像质量等方面的限制,视频监控的利用率还远未达到人们的预期目标。提高视频监控这一普遍存在物证源在案件侦办中的作用,是当前公安部门研究的重点内容之一。     

科学技术现代化与犯罪

科学技术现代化的发展,在有利于打击和控制犯罪的同时,也对犯罪产生了多方面的消极影响。在科技现代化发展进程中,犯罪主体、犯罪危害、犯罪手段等都出现了一些新特点。由于科技现代化能加剧引发犯罪的社会矛盾,强化犯罪的利益动机,创造新的犯罪条件,造成控制犯罪的法律的不适应,所以造成犯罪的大量增多。针对科技现代化进程中犯罪增多的现实,必须采取多方面的对策加以控制。     

Adaptive governance for the Internet of Things: Coping with emerging security risks

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a disruptive innovation known for its socio-economic potential, but also for generating unprecedented vulnerabilities and threats. As a dynamic sociotechnical system, the IoT comprises well-known cybersecurity risks and endemic uncertainties that arise as IoT adoption increases and the system evolves. We highlight the impact of these challenges by analyzing how insecure IoT devices pose threats to both consumer protection and the Internet's infrastructure. While recent regulatory responses are starting to target IoT security risks, crucial deficiencies – especially related to the feedback necessary to keep pace with emerging risks and uncertainties – must be addressed. We propose a model of adaptive regulatory governance that integrates the benefits of centralized risk regulatory frameworks with the operational knowledge and mitigation mechanisms developed by epistemic communities that manage day-to-day Internet security. Rather than focusing on the choice of regulatory instruments, this model builds on the “planned adaptive regulation” literature to highlight the need to systematically plan for a knowledge-sharing interface in regulatory governance design for disruptive technologies, facilitating the feedback necessary to address evolving IoT security risks.     

宪法解释中学说解释、历史解释和先例解释方法研究

宪法解释方法论是宪法解释的理论核心,也是现代宪法理论体系中极其重要的内容.宪法解释方法论是一个体系,其中包括了学说解释方法、历史解释方法和先例解释方法三种解释方法.学说解释方法强调通过体现在宪法文本中的宪法学说,来发现、理解和创造符合于宪法学说原则、精神的宪法含义;历史解释方法则认为在解释宪法时,应当把宪法的基本原则、精神和价值体系,与社会的发展变化情况有机结合起来;而先例解释方法常适用于单独的文本分析不能充分理解宪法条文时,借助于宪法解释机关过去做出的解释案例,以解释先例为基础来探究答案.这三种解释方法在我国宪法解释的理论与实务中,不仅具有理论研究的意义,而且也有实证的经验基础.     

A decision analytic model to guide early‐stage government regulatory action: Applications for synthetic biology

Synthetic biology (SB) involves the alteration of living cells and biomolecules for specific purposes. Products developed using these approaches could have significant societal benefits, but also pose uncertain risks to human and environmental health. Policymakers currently face decisions regarding how stringently to regulate and monitor various SB applications. This is a complex task, in which policymakers must balance uncertain economic, political, social, and health‐related decision factors associated with SB use. We argue that formal decision analytical tools could serve as a method to integrate available evidence‐based information and expert judgment on the impacts associated with SB innovations, synthesize that information into quantitative indicators, and serve as the first step toward guiding governance of these emerging technologies. For this paper, we apply multi‐criteria decision analysis to a specific case of SB, a micro‐robot based on biological cells called “cyberplasm.” We use data from a Delphi study to assess cyberplasm governance options and demonstrate how such decision tools may be used for assessments of SB oversight.     

Studying social media as semiotic technology: a social semiotic multimodal framework

ABSTRACT

How do we study social media technology? While social semiotics provides an extensive toolkit for analysing multimodal texts and semiotic practices, the study of social media as semiotic technology poses a significant challenge to existing research methodologies. In this article, we present a social semiotic framework that allows us to describe in analytical details the multimodal meaning potentials offered by digital social media technology and connect these to multimodal text-making and semiotic practices while underscoring the role of technology. Our framework is organized around seven interrelated and inherently informed dimensions: (1) multimodality, (2) practice, (3) the social, (4) medium, (5) the material, (6) the historical, and (7) the critical. This framework could pertain to most types of semiotic technologies, but will here be developed for accounting for social media technologies, and its viability will be illustrated with examples from Instagram. By developing this framework, we aim at elaborating the theoretical basis and analytical tools of social semiotics, and thereby contributing to bringing forward increased understanding of how social media technology enables making, enacting and managing meaning.     

Science and Technology for Economic Growth. New Insights from when the Data Contradicts Desktop Models1

Science and technology policy initiatives in the early 1980s have focused in both the United States and Western Europe on improving capacity to apply a good science base in practice, expecting increases in technological advancement, improved market presence and enhanced economic growth. Results varied broadly in the United States and Europe. Even more puzzling, Japan charged ahead in technological advancement without that strong of a science base of its own. Some industrialized economies do not conform to the expected science–technology relationship, whereby strong performance in science shall lead to strong technological performance. The puzzling science–technology relationship in advanced countries has plausible explanations. (1) Science–technology relationship is much interdependent or symbiotic. Its strength and primary direction at a given time varies largely by field of science or technological innovation and across long periods of time. (2) Science–technology link in a country may depend on the overall scientific and technological level of development in that country. The strength and interdependent nature of this link evolves historically and varies across fields of science and technology. The strength of the link is affected by scientific and technological specialization in a country. Different technological fields have different scientific intensities, or degrees of building upon the science base. (3) Specialization of countries across scientific and technological fields varies. Hence, the strength of science–technology link differs between countries. High technological specialization of a country may impact its technological performance more than its immediately current scientific performance does. History, tradition and knowledge transfers may affect more returns on R&D expenditures than the actual value of R&D funds spent in science or technology. Explanations of puzzling behavior of science–technology link may become policy recommendations.     

国际植物新品种保护制度的变革发展与我国应对

植物新品种保护制度发展历史表明,育种技术和农业商业化是推动植物育种创新保护制度发展与变革的重要因素。文章从育种技术和种业发展对植物新品种保护制度影响的角度,分析国际植物新品种保护制度的发展与变革,以及我国植物新品种保护的实践探索与面临挑战,认为制定《植物新品种保护法》是我国种业现代化的必然选择。《植物新品种保护法》既是种业企业基本的产权保障法,也是种业领域最重要的“反不正当竞争法”。唯有制定《植物新品种保护法》,才能有效解决品种权保护中的“取证难、周期长、成本高、保护弱”的问题,才能有效完善现行法律法规之不足,为我国种业发展的现代化、开启种业发展新纪元提供法治保障。     

借助素质教育工程平台推进企业高新技术人才培训

企业要保持发展的可持续性,不仅要大幅度提升职工的素质,还要进一步增强高新技术人才的创新能力及实践技能,为企业赢得市场和创造可观的经济价值。首都职工素质教育工程的平台具有全方位、多渠道、教育资源丰厚的优势,培训形式灵活多样,为职工素质的提升搭建了继续教育的新型培训平台。企业可以利用这种新颖和多功能的培训平台推进企业岗位技术技能的培训,捕速高新技术队伍人才的培养。