The Moral Justification for the Preventive Detention of Terrorists

The moral, as opposed to legal, justification for the preventive detention of terrorists is the topic of this article, and, in particular, for the preventive detention of members of extremist Islamist terrorist organizations, such as Islamic State (IS) and Al Qaeda (AQ). The article argues that preventive detention of terrorists is morally justified under certain circumstances. Its argument for preventive detention of terrorists is analogous to that used to detain enemy combatants as prisoners of war. However, rather than relying on the possession of the properties definitive of the legal status of a combatant, it relies on demonstrable possession of constitutive features of functionally integrated membership of a terrorist organization. Membership in this sense of a terrorist organization creates the presumption of a standing intention to commit murder, or at least to assist others to do so, in the service of the organization’s political ends.     

中国社区志愿服务的发展历程

对我国社区志愿服务的研究离不开对其发展历程进行梳理与探讨。社区志愿服务形成的社会背景,社区志愿服务兴起的文化背景,社区志愿服务的发展阶段,是研究社区志愿服务的三个重要维度。     

Utilization and satisfaction of volunteer law enforcement officers in the office of the American sheriff: an exploratory nationwide study

Many government organizations utilize volunteers to enhance services, and volunteers have been used in law enforcement agencies for a variety of functions. However, volunteers in American policing are a largely under-studied part of the criminal justice system. This current paper examines the utilization of volunteer reserves, auxiliaries, and special deputies in the office of the American sheriff. The article also examines the perceived organizational characteristics of those agencies that treat volunteers the same as regular full-time sworn deputies by allowing them full power of arrest and the authority to carry a weapon on and off duty. The results generally show that volunteer deputies that are treated the same as their full-time counterparts in regard to authority and responsibility are generally more satisfied with their role within the organization and report greater satisfaction with the organization in terms of communication, leadership, and professionalism.     

中国志愿服务组织发展及其社会功能

目前,中国志愿服务发展呈现出活跃状态。各地区党委政府越来越重视发展志愿服务组织,陆续出台政策法规;志愿服务组织发展呈现快速发展势头,多种类型组织涌现出来;城乡群众对于志愿服务组织的认同程度最高,迫切希望参与服务;网络志愿服务组织异军突起,创造出新颖多样的服务方式;志愿服务组织的"裂变"与"联盟"成为值得注意的新现象;各地区逐渐形成志愿服务组织发展的支持系统并发挥积极作用。与此同时,中国志愿服务组织体现的社会功能在于:一是志愿服务组织体现党的为人民服务宗旨;二是志愿服务组织密切党同人民群众的联系;三是志愿服务组织参与维护社会和谐与稳定;四是志愿服务组织传播文明进步的思想观念;五是志愿服务组织协助改善中国的国际形象。     

“Talk about terror in our back gardens”: an analysis of online comments about British foreign fighters in Syria

The phenomenon of foreign fighters has become a central issue to the ongoing conflict in Syria. This article explores how members of the public answer the question ‘Why do British citizens join the conflict in Syria’ on social media sites and in response to online news articles. Building upon research on everyday narratives of security and terrorism, we analyse 807 comments, and in doing so, we argue that online comments are important in producing the discursive environment for making sense of British foreign fighters and what should be done in response to them. We find that there is a tendency to view British foreign fighters as being purely motivated by religion, and there is also a belief that British foreign fighters should be responded to through exceptional measures. We discuss the implications of such perceptions, and we highlight how problematic misconceptions about Islam and Muslims are not just disseminated through elite and media discourse, but through everyday narratives published by members of the public online.     

Establishing School Volunteer Programs

Abstract

Schools can no longer rely on students' mothers as a primary source of volunteers. Over the past decade, retired persons have contributed more assistance in the classroom than any other group. The partnership between schools and older members of the community can be viewed as a creative process that offers inherent benefits for both the children and the volunteers. The children may benefit from the individualized attention and from gaining knowledge about older people. For the adults, volunteering may make them feel more productive and may reduce feelings of loneliness or depression. Specific guidelines and a tool for providing volunteer feedback are offered to educators that are designed to maximize program success and sustained volunteer involvement.     

Good radicals? Trajectories of pro-Kurdish political and militant mobilisation to the wars in Syria,Turkey and Iraq

ABSTRACT

This article explores the interrelation of volunteering, violence and ideology by studying the pro-Kurdish political and militant mobilisation to the wars in Syria, Turkey and Iraq. Focusing especially on the trajectories, motives and reflections of foreign volunteers in different Kurdish militant groups, I argue that ideology is neither a precondition nor a necessary reason for mobilisation to an armed group. In many cases, it is the other way around, as mobilisation to violence is often the source of ideological conviction.     

发达国家大城市危机管理中的社会参与机制

在西方发达国家大城市危机管理实践中,政府和社会、公共部门和私人部门之间的良好合作,普通公民、工商企业组织、社会中介组织在危机管理中的高度参与,已经成为一个中心的事实。本文从城市应急文化的塑造、社区应急机制、志愿者组织的应急功能和城市应急管理中的公私伙伴合作关系等几个方面,探讨了现代发达国家大城市危机管理过程中社会组织和普通公民的参与机制,试图解析西方发达国家大城市危机管理系统中的全社会型危机管理网络的具体运作机制。     

From volunteers to voluntours: shifting priorities in post-disaster Japan

This paper analyses the emergence of post-disaster ‘voluntours’ following Japan's 2011 disasters. An overwhelming, yet haphazard volunteer response to previous disasters spurred extensive collaboration between the state, relief organizations, and would-be volunteers in the wake of 3.11. However, when mapped onto to the massive devastation of the 3.11 disasters, this collaboration almost immediately turned many post-disaster volunteers into ‘voluntourists’, a problematic category commonly associated with visitors from the Global North volunteering for social and environmental causes while on holiday in the Global South. Japan's post-disaster voluntours demonstrate how uncoordinated and potentially risky volunteers have been channelled into a carefully-controlled and long-term response that satisfies people's desire to help disaster victims, while ultimately encouraging tourism (sans volunteering) as the most desirable form of disaster recovery assistance. This shift toward voluntourism potentially undermines post-disaster volunteering and threatens to trap parts of Tōhoku, like other disaster sites, in a position of permanently ‘post-disaster’.