Cultural Politics, Communal Resistance and Identity in Andean Irrigation Development

This article uses two case studies to illustrate how Andean irrigation development and management emerges from a hybrid mix of local community rules and the changing political forms and ideological forces of hegemonic states. Some indigenous water-control institutions are with us today because they were consonant with the extractive purposes of local elites and Inca, Spanish and post‐independence Republican states. These states often appropriated and standardised local water-management rules, rights and rituals in order to gain control over the surplus produced by these irrigation systems. However, as we show in the case of two communities in Ecuador and Peru, many of these same institutions are reappropriated and redirected by local communities to counteract both classic 'exclusion-oriented' and modern 'inclusion-oriented' water and identity politics. In this way, they resist subordination, discrimination and the control of local water management by rural elites or state actors.     

全面提升自来水水质势在必行——由“饮水热”论及城市供水行业的当前任务

"饮水热"的出现,提出一个十分现实的问题:究竟靠什么来满足人们的饮水需求.城市自来水的主导地位不能动摇,自来水必须达到打开龙头就能直接饮用.针对城市供水目前存在的薄弱环节,提出两个层次实施目标.全面提升自来水水质,是城市供水行业的当前任务.     

The potential to determine a postmortem submersion interval based on algal/diatom diversity on decomposing mammalian carcasses in brackish ponds in Delaware

Recently botanical evidence has been studied to determine if it is useful in forensic investigations. This study was performed to examine stillborn piglet decomposition in a brackish water environment and to semi-quantitatively document stages of decomposition, degree day accumulation per stage as well as the algal/diatom diversity useful in determining a postmortem submersion interval (PMSI). Piglets and ceramic tiles were submerged in brackish ponds and sampled on a regular basis to document algal diversity and succession between substrates and stages of decomposition. Significantly greater weight was lost from piglet carcasses during the early floating and advanced floating decay stages. Seasonal effects were observed in degree-day accumulations. Diatom diversity was significantly greater on piglet carcasses compared to tile substrates. Algal diversity decreased over time on the piglet carcasses as well as the stage of decomposition. A significant relationship and strong correlation between algal diversity found on the piglet substrate with time was observed. Our results indicate that more research is needed to examine the potential to use diatoms in not only determining manner of death but also the duration of time (PMSI) a victim may have been immersed in an aquatic environment.     

给付拒绝纳入我国行政强制执行方式的理论探讨——以《行政强制法》草案规定的改变为视角

《行政强制法》草案第三次审议稿的改变表明了给付拒绝有被立法者采纳为我国行政强制执行方式的可能性。本文以此为视角,基于比较法的考察及我国行政强制执行模式在现实中出现的弊端,论述了其合理之处。并提出了将给付拒绝纳入行政强制执行方式的立法建议：在法律中明确规定给付拒绝的具体内容,采用＂人民法院审查＋行政机关执行＂的模式,严格限制给付拒绝的适用条件并细化程序。     

水资源约束下民勤绿洲农业结构调整的困境与路径选择

水资源短缺和生态环境脆弱是制约民勤绿洲农业持续发展的瓶颈,节水和调整农业结构是解决绿洲内水资源短缺问题的关键。在分析民勤绿洲农业产业结构现状和产业结构调整中凸显的困境的基础上,指出优化农业结构、发展现代草地畜牧业、加强绿洲生态防护林建设、大力发展农村服务业是民勤绿洲农业结构调整的必然选择。     

县级城镇水利工程发展前景和必要性浅谈

随着全球气候变暖,能源紧缺,冰川融化带来的海平面上升,以及相关水源问题涉及的防旱、防潮、防洪、南水北调、水力发电、水利灌溉等,人类生产、生活和社会经济发展都受到了前所未有的严峻考验,水利工程也根据时代和国情的要求提上了重要日程。从原有的主干海域和河流建设,外延到地方区域河流建设上来。由此,县级等中小城市的水利工程在抵御自然灾害和农业发展上越来越起到决定性的作用,是保障大中城市人民生命和财产安全的铁墙,是保障社会和谐稳定的桥梁。主要对县级水利工程的重要性、水利工程带动地方经济发展情况、水利工程本身特点和发展前景进行阐述,着重指出县级水利工程在全国水利建设方面占着承上启下的重要位置。     

水权与水权的界定--水资源利用的产权经济学分析

在公有水权基础上实行可交易水权制度涉及到三个重要环节,即水权的界定、水价以及水权运作规则和水资源管理,其中水权的界定是水资源市场形成和运行的前提条件,没有排他性水权的确立,水权的让渡和交易是不可能的.本文从产权经济学的理论出发,分析水权的清晰界定与水资源市场的关系,并在此基础上分析水资源利用中的各种水权关系,指出进一步界定和明晰水资源的配水量权是实现水权制度创新的前提条件.     

Policy Punctuations in Colorado Water Law: The Breakdown of a Monopoly

The actors, influences, and processes that combine forces to change policy subsystems are modeled in punctuated equilibrium theory wherein monopolistic policy subsystems are broken down through changes in policy images and venue shopping spurred by a critical mobilization of actors. Studying a case of policy change in Colorado water rights, this research examines multiple levels of policy change—local, state, and cross‐case. This research finds that at the state level, punctuated equilibrium theory accurately explains the process by which policies changed to allow for recreational in‐channel uses of water. At the local level, however, these processes are not clearly evident. Using media coverage as a proxy measure for agenda status also shows that policy image change and high public agenda status did not lead to these policy changes within Colorado communities. This article discusses whether we should therefore discount punctuated equilibrium as a model of policy change in this case.     

Financial and Political Factors Motivating the Privatisation of Municipal Water Services

Financial and political factors are widely considered to be an explanatory factor of the privatisation of public services. However, the empirical evidence in this respect is not convincing. This paper considers elements of long-term financial condition and ideological and political strength, together with other socio-economic factors and the effects of the current global financial crisis, to address the financial stress–privatisation relationship, with respect to urban water services, observed during the period 2002–2012 in Spanish municipalities. A discrete time survival model is applied, and the results obtained show that certain elements of financial condition, together with political and ideological factors, are decisive influences in decisions to privatise urban water services. We also highlight the major impact of the Great Recession and its effect on the financial stress–privatisation relationship.     

Water crises: political construction or physical reality?

Various definitions of water crises emerge from epistemic communities deploying a great disparity of methodologies and fundamental hypotheses. Scientists' perceptions of which power structures legitimately carry out water management affect their definition of a crisis, their capacity to ask questions and the manner they formulate them. This determines the stakes and the actors they can observe or the scale of analysis they find relevant. This leads some to recommend a ‘solution’ that appears to be a disaster to others. This article examines how three epistemic communities have each built their science by promoting very specific understandings of what is a water crisis. Proponents of the ‘global water crisis’ spawned Integrated Water Resources Management while proponents of the ‘municipal water crisis’ locked the perception of water equity within the Millennium Development Goals. Researchers on small-scale irrigation and property regimes have often disagreed with such recommendations, often presented as inevitable.