MALDI-TOF-MS成像技术及其在法医损伤标志物筛选中的应用

传统的免疫学和分子生物学技术在寻找损伤分子标志物方面存在成果孤立、效价模糊以及相互间作用机制不明等缺点.质谱成像技术集筛选、分析和图像化于一体,更适合基于形态学的损伤分子标志物研究.本文综述了基于基质辅助激光解吸/电离-飞行时间质谱（matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionizationtime-of flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF-MS）成像技术筛选并识别特征性蛋白质的方法和最新进展,阐述了其在法医学损伤研究中的应用价值.     

Electoral registration and the control of votes: The case of Chile

We investigate how the employment relationship may lead employers to control the voting behavior and to induce the electoral registration of their workers. Forced registration and the control of votes become feasible when voting behavior is observable, as in open ballot elections. Workers whose vote is controlled are more likely to be registered as compared to other eligible voters, increasing their impact on electoral outcomes. Increasing the secrecy of the vote (for instance with the adoption of a secret ballot) significantly reduces the control of votes. Electoral registration, however, remains biased as long as the probability of voting behavior disclosure induces less ideologically motivated voters to comply with the political preference of the employer. We provide empirical support for the predictions of the model examining the effects of the introduction of the secret ballot in Chile in 1958.     

Effect of Different Attentional Conditions on ERP Detection of Visual AcuityCSCD

Objective: To study the effect of different attentional conditions on the event-related potential (ERP) components generated by the visual information stimuli related to visual acuity, and provide a theoretical reference for clinical forensic visual objective evaluation. Methods: With visual acuity optotypes as normal form of visual information stimuli, 15 volunteers as study subjects were supposed to account the visual acuity optotypes under the attentional condition of visual stimuli. Furthermore, the subjects were required to listen to the storytelling carefully under the non-attentional condition of visual stimuli, and after the examination, they needed to answer the story-related questions. All the EEG results of two different attentional conditions from the subjects were recorded by 32 channel ERP system. Results: Under two attentional conditions, P1 and P300 components were evoked by the visual acuity optotypes on supra-threshold and threshold visual acuity levels, while only P1 component were evoked by the visual acuity optotypes on sub-threshold levels. In the ERP waveforms evoked by the visual acuity optotypes on supra-threshold, P1 and P300 amplitudes under attentional condition were larger than that under non-attentional condition. Conclusion: Attentional conditions can influence the detection of visual acuity. P300 component can be used to distinguish the visual acuity levels with supra-threshold and subthreshold under non-attentional condition. © 2017 by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.     

代谢组学及其在法医学中的应用展望

代谢组学是运用色谱、质谱、核磁共振(NMR)、毛细管电泳(CE)等技术对细胞、体液和器官等样品中的代谢物进行分离、纯化和检测,再用生物信息学的手段对所获得数据进行分析处理,从而得到一个或一组生物标记物信息的一门新兴学科。本文通过分析近年来有关代谢组学研究的文献报道,从历史渊源、概念、优点、分析方法、应用研究、存在问题及发展机遇、专业期刊和网站等方面对其进行综述,并根据现有研究对其在法医学各专业的应用作以展望,相信其能为法医学各专业和法医学鉴定提供一条新的研究思路。     

NMDA受体拮抗剂与精神分裂症动物模型

精神分裂症是一类常见的精神疾病之一,由于其发病机制复杂,到目前为止病因尚未完全阐明,N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸（N-methyl-D-aspartate,NMDA）受体拮抗剂能够较好地模拟精神分裂症的阳性症状、阴性症状以及认知功能障碍,近年来被广泛用以制作精神分裂症的动物模型。本文综述了苯环利定、地佐西平和氯胺酮这3种NMDA离子通道开放阻断剂与建立精神分裂症动物模型的关系。     

生物化学指标检测在心源性猝死法医鉴定中的应用

早期缺血性心肌病变引起的心源性猝死（sudden cardiac death,SCD）由于发病突然,常缺乏典型的形态学改变和临床表现,易被怀疑为刑事案件,查明其死亡原因对法医学实践有指导作用。本文对国内外有关无机离子、肌酸激酶、肌钙蛋白、心房利钠尿肽、脑利钠尿肽等生物化学指标检测在诊断SCD方面的研究进展加以综述,以期为SCD的法医学诊断提供参考。     

DNA甲基化在法医学中的应用前景及其检测方法新进展

DNA甲基化是一种重要的表观遗传标记。新近的一些研究表明,DNA甲基化在二联体亲权鉴定、同卵双生子法医学个体甄别等案例中可能具有一定的应用前景,可作为STR或SNP等经典遗传标记的有益补充。目前基于甲基化敏感的限制性核酸内切酶、重亚硫酸盐转化以及甲基化CpG结合蛋白等原理已建立了一系列的DNA甲基化检测方法。甲基化敏感的单核苷酸引物延伸、实时荧光PCR、甲基化特异性PCR、甲基化特异性多重连接反应依赖性探针扩增、光纤微珠芯片等位点特异性DNA甲基化检测方法都可用于已知CpG位点甲基化状态的检测并可能在法医学实验室具有一定的应用前景;AIMS、HELP、COMPARE-MS等通过对基因组范围内的DNA甲基化扫描分析,可发现具有潜在法医学应用价值的DNA甲基化位点。     

X线计测法推断骨龄的研究进展

利用计测法推断年龄是指应用X线摄片技术,测量不同年龄人群全身不同部位骨骼相关数据,如四肢长骨、短骨及椎骨的长度、宽度、厚度,骨化中心面积、干骺端横径、骨骺端横径、骺线宽度、干骺比值等,经过统计学分析探讨这些测量数据与真实年龄（即生活年龄）之间的相关性,并据此推断活体年龄（即骨龄）。本文对有关掌指骨、腕骨、肱骨、股骨及颈椎骨推断骨龄的计测方法和骨龄推断结果进行回顾性分析和总结,并对其应用价值和应用前景进行了初步探讨。     

AFLP分子标记技术的新进展及其在法医植物学中的应用

扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)是一种用来检测基因组多态性的新一代分子标记,具有分辨率高、稳定性好、重复性好等特点.近年来,研究人员对该技术进行了不断的优化和完善,并由之衍生出多种相关技术.AFLP技术在动物、植物及微生物等许多研究领域已有广泛应用,在法医植物学中得到初步发展并成为研究热点.本文主要介绍了AFLP技术的新进展以及在法医植物学中的应用情况.     

滥用药物体内代谢的研究进展

毒品在体内尿苷二磷酸葡醛酸转移酶、细胞色素P450、羧酸酯酶、磺基转移酶、丁酰胆碱酯酶、儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶和吗啡6-脱氢酶等代谢酶催化下,发生葡萄糖醛酸化、水解、氧化、磺酸化等多种反应,生成有活性或者无活性的代谢产物,然后经尿液、胆汁或者其他途径排出体外。不同毒品的代谢途径不同。本文介绍了近年来吗啡类、苯丙胺类、氯胺酮、大麻类和可卡因等毒品在人和动物体内的代谢研究,综述了这些毒品体内代谢的代谢部位、代谢酶、代谢产物及其生理活性的研究进展。