Linking parental incarceration and family dynamics associated with intergenerational transmission: A life‐course perspective*

Children experiencing parental incarceration face numerous additional disadvantages, but researchers have often relied on these other co‐occurring factors primarily as controls. In this article, we focus on the intimate links between crime and incarceration, as well as on the broader family context within which parental incarceration often unfolds. Thus, parents’ drug use and criminal behavior that precedes and may follow incarceration periods may be ongoing stressors that directly affect child well‐being. We also use our analyses to foreground mechanisms associated with social learning theories, including observations and communications that increase the child's risk for criminal involvement and other problem outcomes. These related family experiences often channel the child's own developing network ties (peers, romantic partners) that then serve as proximal influences. We explore these processes by drawing on qualitative and quantitative data from a study of the lives of a sample of respondents followed from adolescence to young adulthood, as well as on records searches of parents’ incarceration histories. Through our analyses, we find evidence that 1) some effects attributed to parental incarceration likely connect to unmeasured features of the broader family context, and b) together parental incarceration and the broader climate often constitute a tightly coupled package of family‐related risks linked to intergenerational continuities in criminal behavior and other forms of social disadvantage.     

Ancestral analysis of a Native American Ecuadorian family with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by self-mutilating behavior, unexplained fever, inability to sweat and intellectual disability. CIPA pathogenesis is associated with genetic loss-of-function mutations of the NTRK1 gene, which is auto phosphorylated activating intracellular signaling transduction such as cell survival, growth and differentiation. CIPA occurs with an incidence of 1 in 125 million newborns, and only some hundreds of cases have been reported worldwide. Most of cases have been reported in Asian countries. Here, we estimate the ancestral proportions of a family with consanguinity background affected with CIPA, who carries the missense pathogenic mutations rs80356677 (Asp674Tyr) in the kinase domain of NTRK1 and rs324420 (Pro129Thr) in the FAAH gene. The ancestral proportion was calculated through 45 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) and the comparison was done through the Human Genome Diversity Project panel. The resulting allele frequencies in CIPA family indicate a prevalence of the Native American ancestral component with 87.9%, and minor proportion for the European (8.9%) and African (3%) components. In conclusion, the genetic variations expressing CIPA in a Native American Ecuadorian family could have been caused by the insertion of certain genetic characteristics, which have been passed down from common ancestors as consequence of migration towards South America.     

The role of respect in interactions with police among substance-using African refugee young people in Melbourne,Australia

Racialized policing and substance use are major issues faced by African young people in Australia. In-depth interviews with 18 refugee young people who use alcohol and/or drugs examined interactions with police. Status respect and human respect played important roles in interactions with police. Participants felt unfairly targeted by police and reported that they were disrespected by police through the use of discriminatory language, failing to differentiate between individuals leading to a sense of loss of self-identity, and stereotyping. Development and implementation of programs focusing on building mutual understanding and respect is needed to improve relations between refugee-background youth and police.     

Mental health,substance use,and offending patterns among Native American youth in juvenile detention

Research has shown that youthful offenders in the juvenile justice system report an array of substance use and emotional and other mental health needs. The current study closely examined these issues in a large national sample (n = 539) of Native American youth drawn from the Survey of Youth in Residential Placement. Results demonstrated that frequent substance use was associated with the likelihood of being detained for a drug offense, while emotional and mental health needs were associated with detention for the most serious offenses. These results highlight the need for comprehensive substance use and other mental health assessments for Native American youth in the juvenile justice system.     

20世纪60年代美国政府应对青年反战思潮的方式及其启示

20世纪60年代,美国政府对青年反战思潮的不同应对方式产生了不同的结果:谎言和暴行使青年反战思潮激化,而法治传统所蕴涵的宽容精神则使青年和社会的矛盾趋于缓和.它启示我们,宽容是实现社会和谐稳定的介质.     

美国宪法性刑事诉讼法：意旨、构造与启示

美国宪法性刑事诉讼法是美国联邦最高法院以宪法文本及宪政精神为理据,在特定的刑事诉讼案件的裁判过程中,经由司法判决而延伸出来的一套基本权保障与救济机制。它与宪法存在紧密关系,但又与宪法不同构,有着自身的意旨与构造。西法可鉴,研究美国宪法性刑事诉讼法对当前我国刑诉法研究的纵深发展有很大的启示。     

Dumb Barter: A Seminal Form of Negotiation

Negotiation requires communication, but not necessarily verbal exchanges. Adjustments can be achieved incrementally by other means. This article will examine how some parties have managed to strike a deal in situations characterized by total distrust and even hostility, asymmetric power relations, major cultural differences, extreme logistical difficulties in reaching the place in which the trade is to be made, and several additional process risks by employing a type of bargaining known as “dumb barter.” This process presents a distinct paradigm with a specific and unique rationale. Sometimes called “silent trade,” it has been observed in many places (especially West Africa) for more than two millennia. It may well be the oldest form of trade negotiation and is still practiced in some parts of the world. An examination of this unlikely but real and effective process can also provide negotiation theorists with some useful insights into the fundamental nature of negotiation.     

广东省6～15周岁汉族人牙龄的研究

目的研究广东省6～15周岁人群牙齿钙化的规律,建立根据牙齿钙化程度推断未成年人年龄的方法。方法观测2 710例（男性1 363例,女性1 347例）广东省6～15周岁汉族人全口曲面断层影像片,对其下颌牙齿钙化程度进行评分分级,所得数据经SPSS软件统计分析,建立根据牙齿钙化程度推断年龄的方程,并以100例（男60例、女40例）研究外样本进行盲测。结果数据统计显示,两侧同名牙钙化评分分级值的差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）,而性别间差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）;下颌单侧8颗牙齿的钙化评分分级值与年龄相关系数（r）女性为0.552～0.759,男性为0.672～0.838;所建回归模型拟合优度（R2）均在0.7以上,估计值标准误男性为0.91～1.11岁,女性为0.92～0.98岁;盲测推测年龄与真实年龄平均误差男性为0.429±0.282岁、女性为0.399±0.252岁。结论本研究所建方法推断结果准确可靠,可用于广东地区6～15周岁人群年龄推断。     

中国汉族6-18周岁男性牙齿生长发育的年龄研究

目的研究牙齿钙化程度与年龄的关系,建立利用牙齿钙化程度推断中国汉族6～18周岁男性年龄的办程。方法通过对6568名6～18周岁汉族男性全口曲面断层影像上牙齿的钙化程度进行评分;将分级值及其对应年龄输入SPSS软件进行分析,建立推断年龄的方程模型;从研究样本外随机抽取已知年龄的样本160例进行卣测,,结果同名牙齿钙化评分值侧别间秩合检验结果P〉0．05;下颌左侧恒牙钙化评分值与年龄相关分析结果r值均存0．7以上,下颌同名牙间相关系数r均在0．9以上;所建回归模型拟合优度R^2=0．828,估计值标准误为1．23岁;阿测平均洪差为0．423±0．269岁。结论本研究所建立的方法准确可靠,可用于中国汉族6～18周岁男性人群的年龄推断。     

论宪法效力的终极依据

在法律的效力链条中,宪法常常被置于效力的终端。但是,宪法本身的效力依据,却是一个值得追问的终极性问题。宪法序言,就是宪法效力的终极依据。中国宪法序言是通过＂历史＂向宪法提供了终极性的效力依据或正当性依据。相比之下,美国宪法序言是通过＂契约＂向美国宪法提供了终极性的效力依据。