IMMIGRATION AND THE RECENT VIOLENT CRIME DROP IN THE UNITED STATES: A POOLED,CROSS‐SECTIONAL TIME‐SERIES ANALYSIS OF METROPOLITAN AREAS*

A good deal of research in recent years has revisited the relationship between immigration and violent crime. Various scholars have suggested that, contrary to the claims of the classic Chicago School, large immigrant populations might be associated with lower rather than higher rates of criminal violence. A limitation of the research in this area is that it has been based largely on cross‐sectional analyses for a restricted range of geographic areas. Using time‐series techniques and annual data for metropolitan areas over the 1994–2004 period, we assess the impact of changes in immigration on changes in violent crime rates. The findings of multivariate analyses indicate that violent crime rates tended to decrease as metropolitan areas experienced gains in their concentration of immigrants. This inverse relationship is especially robust for the offense of robbery. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that the broad reductions in violent crime during recent years are partially attributable to increases in immigration.     

过度机械通气致肺损伤TNF-α、IL-1β及NF-κBp65的表达

目的探讨过度机械通气致肺损伤后,炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β及NF-κBp65在肺组织中不同时间表达的变化规律。方法将51只雄性新西兰大白兔分为正常组、对照组、实验组。利用呼吸机建立过度机械通气致肺损伤模型。应用免疫印迹技术观察兔急性肺损伤后肺组织中TNF-α、IL-1β及NF-κBp65的表达,并用凝胶图像处理系统进行分析,所得数据经SPSS 10.0统计软件处理。结果正常组与各对照组之间比较,均无明显差异(P>0.05)。TNF-α在损伤后0h表达即增加,1h达高峰,以后逐渐下降,而在24h后又有反弹性增高;其中在0.5、24、48h组有差异性(P<0.05),1、3h组有显著差异性(P<0.01)。IL-1β在损伤后0.5h逐渐增加,3h达高峰,以后逐渐下降,其中在1、6、12、24h组有差异性(P<0.05),3h组有显著差异性(P<0.01)。NF-κBp65在损伤后0.5h逐渐增加,6h达高峰,以后逐渐下降,其中在1、12h组有差异性(P<0.05),3、6h组有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论TNF-α、IL-1β及NF-κBp65在过度机械通气致VILI发病中有重要作用;TNF-α、IL-1β及NF-κBp65在损伤早期即表达,且在时间上有一定的变化规律,可为损伤时间的推断提供参考。     

民事权利限制的时间界限

权利限制是对权利范围和权利行使所作的限制性规定。私法视野下,权利限制是确保权利人正当行使权利的需要。民事权利的时间界限是权利限度的形式之一,民事权利限制的时间界限,表现为宏观和微观两个方面。民事权利的时间界限的合理性和二元性有利于实现个人利益和社会利益的统一。     

The impact of after‐school programs on the routine activities of middle‐school students: Results from a randomized,controlled trial*

Research Summary Unsupervised after‐school time for adolescents is a concern for parents and policymakers alike. Evidence linking unsupervised adolescent socializing to problem behavior outcomes heightens this concern among criminologists. Routine activities theory suggests that, when youth peer groups congregate away from adult authority, both opportunity for and motivation to engage in deviant acts increase. After‐school programs are a possible solution to unsupervised teen socializing during afternoon hours and are much in demand. However, empirical research has yet to test the relationship between the availability of after‐school programs and youth routine activities. This study presents evidence from a multisite, randomized, controlled trial of an after‐school program for middle‐school students in an urban school district. Policy Implications Youth in the treatment group engaged in less unsupervised socializing after school than youth in the control group but not as much less as would be expected if the after‐school program was providing consistent supervision to youth who would otherwise be unsupervised. Additional analyses examined why the influence of the after‐school program was not more pronounced. We found that, although program attendance was related to decreases in unsupervised socializing, the program did not attract many delinquency‐prone youths who were unsupervised, which suggests that the students most in need of the program did not benefit. Furthermore, data obtained from a mid‐year activity survey revealed that youth in the study were highly engaged in a variety of after‐school activities. The addition of the after‐school program into the mixture of available activities had little effect on the frequency with which students participated in organized activities after school.     

汶川地震相关的若干刑事问题研究

"5.12"汶川地震发生后,出现了很多疑难刑事法律问题,如建筑物毁损责任追究问题、趁灾造谣、非法经营、灾民哄抢救灾物资等行为的定性问题等,对于这些问题,应当区分不同情形,作出相应处理。     

李大钊早期传播马克思主义的再探讨

五四前后李大钊通过办报办刊、发表论著、组织社团、办学讲课、演讲辩论等方式向中国民众传播了马克思主义。他早年对马克思主义的研究和宣传主要涵盖了四方面内容：揭露了帝国主义的本质,阐述了十月革命的伟大意义;较系统地论述了马克思主义理论的基本内容;正确论述了中国革命的一些基本问题,如革命的步骤、手段、动力等等;号召学生和知识分子走与工农相结合的道路。这些杰出的思想主张形成了他早年的理论特色。当然,李大钊对马克思主义的最初理解也存在着一些不准确之处,这种认识偏差是与当时他所处的环境和背景分不开的。李大钊的可贵之处在于其思想随着社会的进步不断发展,并及时将先进的科学理论运用于中国社会变革的实践。     

美国反网络恐怖活动的情报工作及对我国的启示

网络恐怖活动具有成本低廉、破坏广泛、技术性高、隐蔽性强等特点。美国在反网络恐怖活动的情报工作中采取了完善情报立法、构建网络式结构反恐情报体系、大力开展网络侦查等一系列情报对策．构建了强大的国家安全屏障。在我国,防范和打击网络恐怖活动一方面要树立信息时代的新威胁观与安全观．另一方面则可借鉴美国反网络恐怖活动情报工作的经验。     

行政许可程序的立法欠缺及其完善

行政许可程序是规范行政许可的行为,防止行政许可实施权的滥用,保障公民、组织在行政许可实施中的正当权利的重要环节。尽管行政许可法设计了许多程序规则,但在某些方面还存在问题,诸如处理期限的规定不完善、听证程序不健全、缺乏有效的保障制度等。笔者在对此分析研究的基础上,提出了一些健全和完善我国行政许可程序的设想和建议。     

A real-time multiplex SNP melting assay to discriminate individuals

A method that quickly and inexpensively differentiates crime scene samples from multiple donors would expedite casework analysis by allowing the selection of probative items requiring comprehensive testing. This new method need not be perfectly definitive nor give a complete 13 locus short tandem repeat (STR) profile; it simply must be able to differentiate between most victim and suspect samples. We describe the development of multiplex, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to fulfill this need. Dual probes, one fluorescently labeled and the other labeled with a quencher, are monitored during a melt analysis to reveal an increase in fluorescence, which allows the assessment of the two SNP alleles. Two alternate 6-plex assays (with and without gender determination) have been developed for the six-color RG6000 real-time instrument (Corbett Robotics, Inc.) and one seven SNP plus gender assay (performed as two 4-plex assays, one with gender the other without) have been developed for use in four/five color real-time instruments. This technique can discriminate between 95% and 99% of samples from different individuals. This assay is fast (approximately 2 h), much less expensive than STR analysis, and uses a real-time PCR instrument which is found in most forensic and molecular biology labs.     

大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤后NGF表达

目的研究大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤后神经生长因子（NGF）表达的时间变化规律及意义。方法采用SD雄性大鼠复制弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）模型,分别于伤后1、3、6、12、24、48h和3、7d取脑组织,应用免疫组织化学法对DAI后不同时间段大脑皮层、丘脑、小脑和海马部位NGF的表达变化进行观察并与正常组、假手术组对照。结果正常及假手术组大鼠大脑皮层、丘脑、小脑、海马均有少量NGF的表达。打击后1hNGF表达增强,12h达高峰,3d开始下降,7d降至正常。结论NGF参与弥漫性轴索损伤后的修复：NGF的时序性变化有望成为法医学脑损伤时间推断的客观指标。