中印油气外交:“新大角逐”、“互利互赢”或“独立平行”

近年来,19世纪的口号大角逐在国际能源领域再次抬头。但是,西方学者往往选择少数案例来证明油价上升的主要原因是中国与印度的竞争,以及油田的买卖。本文通过对中印竞争、合作与独立购买案例的实证调研,认为双方的竞争与合作案例的数量不仅少,而且两类交易的数量相当,相比之下,平行独立的中印能源外交案例最多。中印两国能源公司都基本遵照市场规律与游戏规则,而且多数能源行动并不属于过时的份额油大角逐。     

When Fairness is Especially Important: Reactions to Being Inequitably Paid in Communal Relationships

This article focuses on when justice is especially important to people and, in doing so, explores the social conditions under which the importance of justice may change in social interactions. More specifically, the authors examine how different types of relationships affect evaluations of equitable and inequitable situations. It is argued that when people are confronted with friends as interaction partners, as opposed to unknown others, they are motivated to attend to the needs of their friends (Clark & Mills, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 12–24, 1979) and, therefore, they are not only concerned with their own outcomes, but also with their friends’ outcomes. As predicted on the basis of this line of reasoning, two experiments demonstrate that when people’s interaction partners are friends, people are indeed more satisfied with being underpaid and less satisfied with being overpaid compared to when their interaction partners are unknown others. In the discussion, it is argued that these findings suggest that justice is especially important to people when they are in communal relationships.

Social Justice in Love Relationships: Recent Developments

In all societies, people are concerned with justice. “What’s fair is fair!” “She deserves better.” “It’s just not right.” “He can’t get away with that!” “It’s illegal.” “It’s unethical!” “It’s immoral” are fairly common laments. In the 11th century, St. Anselm of Canterbury (Anselem of Canterbury: The major works, 1998) argued that the will possesses two competing inclinations: an affection for what is to a person’s own advantage and an affection for justice; the first inclination is stronger, but the second matters, too. Equity theory, too, posits that in personal relationships, two concerns stand out: firstly, how rewarding are people’s societal, family, and work relationships? Secondly, how fair and equitable are those relationships? According to equity theory, people feel most comfortable when they are getting exactly what they deserve from their relationships—no more and certainly no less. In this article, we will begin by describing the classic equity paradigm and the supporting research. We will then recount the great debate that arose in the wake of the assertion that even in close, loving, intimate relationships, fairness matters. We will end by describing what scientists have learned in the past 35 years about the competing claims of altruism, reward, and fairness in love relationships.     

从国际法看中日钓鱼岛争端

中日两国之间有关钓鱼岛的争端主要涉及岛屿主权归属和东海海洋权益两个方面。从国际法的原则来看 ,钓鱼岛的主权属于中国。中国最先发现并获得其主权 ,日本所主张的“无主地先占”的原则根本不能成立。美日之间的和约或协定也不具备决定钓鱼岛主权归属的法律效力。根据《联合国海洋法公约》的有关规定以及国际司法判例 ,钓鱼岛不应享有大陆架和专属经济区 ,亦不具有划界效力。中日两国在东海大陆架的划定问题上应该遵循公平和自然延伸的原则 ,达到最为公正合理的划界效果。     

夫妻共有股权行使的困境及其应对——兼论商法与婚姻法的关系

夫妻共有股权行使纠纷在近年来引发广泛关注。我国夫妻共有股权行使的内容既包括资产收益权、管理性权利等基本权能,也包括处分权。婚姻法与商法规范在夫妻共有股权行使条件上存在差异,前者强调夫妻双方"一致意见",后者要求由公示方行使股权。将不同行使主体、条件和内容进行组合,行使效果存在明显区别,其中公示方擅自处分共有股权的法律效果引发了较大争议。商法和婚姻法规范既有交集也有差异,在法律适用上存在规范竞合。为解决夫妻共有股权行使过程中遇到的问题,需要更精细化的规则:第一,在公示上实现商法与婚姻法兼容;第二,在管理权行使上,商法规范具有特殊性,应当优先适用;第三,在行使处分权尤其是公示方擅自处分股权的问题上,婚姻法要求的夫妻一致意见具有特殊性,应当将商法与婚姻法综合运用以完善现有规则;第四,针对公众公司股权行使应保障商法优先。     

工资的省际差异与平衡——一个基于效用均衡观点的分析

近几年来,公务员的工资在不断地上涨,而同时存在的事实是:各地公务员的工资收入存在着较大的差异,公务员的工资与其它行业的工资相比也存在着很大的差异。对于公务员工资是高是低的争论由来已久,那么,如何衡量公务员工资的高低?公务员工资调整的依据是什么?以Adams的公平理论和Niskanen的官员(Bureaucrats)效用模型为基础,结合修正的Mulligan,Sala-I-Martin人力资本投入模型,计算了全国各个省(自治区、直辖市)的均衡水平工资。结果表明:东部地区的均衡工资与实际水平偏离较小,而西部欠发达地区偏离较大。经过分析为公务员工资的调整提供了一个定量分析的参考依据。     

教育公平与构建和谐社会

教育公平是社会主义和谐社会的客观要求,是社会公平的重要内容,促进教育公平是建设和谐社会的重要任务之一。