"新思维"之误——简评戈尔巴乔夫执政时期苏联国家大战略的运用

执掌国柄的政治家,在治理国家的过程中最忌讳的是对关乎国家前途和命运的重大战略问题做出失误的决策。一旦发生这种失误,不管他们起初的愿望是多么的美好和善良,都会给国家和民族的命运带来灾难性的后果,苏联在20世纪80年代后期发生的国家解体无疑就是明证。这一切的发生,决定于苏联社会的内在演变,而作为戈氏国家大战略指导思想的"新思维"起到的作用也不可低估。正是在它的指导下,苏联的国家政策一步一步向西方让步和妥协,从而最终导致自毁国家实力地位的恶果。     

‘The Trojan Horse’: Communist Entrism in the British Labour Party, 1933–43

Abstract

Entrism – the infiltration of political organisations by competitors – is typically associated with Trotskyism. Large-scale Communist entrism in the British Labour Party has been neglected by historians and reference in the literature is slight and impressionistic. Archival material permits reconstruction of a sustained attempt by the Comintern and British Communists to subvert Labour Party policy between 1933 and 1943. Documenting the development and dimensions of Communist entrism, this article establishes that, by 1937, 10% of Communist Party (CPGB) members were operating secretly inside British Labour, campaigning to change its policy on affiliation and engineer a Popular Front. Biographies of 55 such Communists provide new data and permit a typology of entrist activity. The episode sheds new light on Popular Front initiatives and the extent of genuine support for them within Labour. It illuminates the conspiratorial side of Stalinist activity at a time when the CPGB presented itself as a conventional British party.     

Great Plains harvest: evolution of the US public employment service,transnational labor,and nonimmigrant visas

Government H-2A visa data and employer surveys show that Great Plains custom harvesting operations now rely on the US public employment service (PES) and private labor agencies to hire transnational labor. Wheat harvest labor problems and private labor bureau abuses during the Progressive Era were a driving force in the formation and development of the local, state, and federal PES agencies that are now used to secure foreign workers. The PES addressed harvest labor problems from the late nineteenth century until the 1930s when mechanization and drought sufficiently reduced labor demand. The PES became active in the wheat harvest again during WW II and into the 1950s until mobile custom combining crews eliminated the need for the federal government’s involvement. Beginning in the 1990s, domestic labor scarcity caused custom harvesting employers to hire foreign labor through the H-2A and J-1 visa programs. The PES is part and parcel of the H-2A visa program, but unlike most agricultural employers that use H-2A labor, foreign workers in custom harvesting are from South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and numerous European and other countries rather than Latin America. Transnational custom harvesting employees that use H-2A visas occupy a niche within the program and thereby maintain Great Plains harvesting’s unique place in the labor market. This article traces the concurrent evolution of Great Plains harvesting and the PES from the end of the nineteenth century to the 1950s and examines the role of the PES and private labor agencies in today’s global labor market.     

Taking It Out on the Body? A Phenomenological Study of Young Adults’ Gendered Experiences of Depression and Antidepressant Use

In this article, we use in-depth interviews with young adults in Sweden to explore the gendered and embodied experiences of depression and antidepressant use. Building upon previous phenomenological research, we analyse being depressed and on antidepressants as altered embodied states, in which corporealization—experiencing the body as a material object—is central. Feminist interventions by Toril Moi and Iris Marion Young inform our analysis of embodiment as gendered. The bodily facets of depression include the weight of the anxious body in crying and not sleeping, as well as the weakened or distorted relationship between body, mind and world in brooding thoughts and hopelessness. These experiences of corporealization are not expressed in gendered terms but, when acted out in depression, they do appear to be gendered. The female body becomes “the first battleground”—as the socially endorsed object upon which to act destructively. In contrast, male behaviour is not expressed as self-destructive, but projects in the world are emphasized at the cost of (bodily) well-being. Although antidepressants lift the corporeal weight of anxiety and low mood, they install a new, and in some respects more profound, corporealization of the body. This is expressed as feeling and caring less and being like a thing or machine. It can be understood in terms of an increased distance from the world—not articulated in gendered terms. As a way of existing in the world, the medicated state bears strong similarities to the depressed state from which it was originally an effort to escape. Thus, taking medication can be seen as yet another way of acting on the body as object. Furthermore, it could be suggested from our findings that when the body is not felt—when there is a breakdown of the meaningful relationship between the body and the world—the experience is less gendered.     

共同富裕与西部大开发战略

西部大开发战略是为了培育新的经济增长带,是我们党对邓小平理论的丰富和发展。加快西部地区的发展,是实现共同富裕的必要条件。     

通督调神针法合耳穴压丸治疗脑卒中后抑郁疗效观察

目的 观察通督调神针法合耳穴压丸治疗脑卒中后抑郁的临床疗效。方法 将64例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各32例,治疗组采用通督调神针法合耳穴压丸治疗,取督脉百会（DU20）、神庭（DU24）、风府（DU16）、大椎（DU14）、命门（DU4）、至阳（DU9）、腰阳关（DU3）为主穴,耳穴取神门（TF4）、丘脑（AT34i）、皮质下（AT4）为主穴,星期一至星期六治疗6次,每日1次,星期日休息,连续治疗4周;对照组口服氟西汀20 mg,每日早餐后顿服,连服4周。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilton Depression Scale,HAMD）、抑郁自评量表（Self Rating Depression Scale,SDS）、中医证候评分标准、巴氏指数（Barthel Index,BI）评定两组临床疗效。结果 与治疗前比较,两组治疗后HAMD、SDS评分均显著减少（P＜0.05）,BI显著增加（P＜0.05）。治疗组HAMD、SDS评分差值与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗组BI差值与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与治疗前比较,两组治疗后单项证候积分及总积分均显著减少（P＜0.05）;两组单项证候积分及总积分差值比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。两组临床疗效分布比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 通督调神针法合耳穴压丸治疗脑卒中后抑郁疗效肯定,可明显改善患者的症状,提高患者的生活质量,且不良反应较少。     

肿瘤伴失眠患者的热敏腧穴分布情况及热敏灸临床疗效观察

目的 观察热敏灸和口服艾司唑仑治疗肿瘤患者失眠的临床疗效,统计肿瘤伴失眠患者高频热敏化腧穴分布。方法 将70例肿瘤伴失眠患者随机分为对照组35例和试验组35例。对照组采用口服艾司唑仑治疗方案,该组于药物治疗展开前进行1次热敏化腧穴探查,并对热敏化腧穴予以记录;试验组进行热敏化腧穴探查并记录其热敏化腧穴后,依据探查结果选取灸感较好的两个穴位进行为期2周、每日1次的热敏灸治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh sleep quality index, PSQI)、焦虑自评量表(self-rating anxiety scale, SAS)、抑郁自评量表(self-rating depression scale, SDS)评分,治疗后以及随访时基于两组患者PSQI评分进行疗效比较。结果 两组患者治疗后PSQI评分均较治疗前显著减少(P<0.05);两组患者随访时PSQI评分以及治疗前与随访时PSQI评分的差值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗后SAS评分、SDS评分均较治疗前显著减少(P<0.05);两组患者治疗后SAS评分、...     

Psychological Abuse and Depressive Symptoms in Dating Women: Do Different Types of Abuse Have Differential Effects?

The purpose of the current study was to examine potential differential effects of two forms of psychological abuse, emotional/verbal and dominance/isolation, on women's depressive symptoms. It was expected that emotional/verbal abuse would have a direct impact on both concurrent and prospective depressive symptoms among dating women. In contrast, it was expected that the depressogenic effect of dominance/isolation abuse would be moderated by level of perceived interpersonal control. Women who perceived themselves to have high levels of interpersonal control were hypothesized to be less negatively affected by partner dominance/isolation behaviors than their low control counterparts. Although the effects of both types of abuse on concurrent depressive symptoms were relatively weak, more robust longitudinal effects were found. Emotional/ verbal abuse at Time 1 did not predict Time 2 depressive symptoms after controlling for depressive symptoms at Time 1. In contrast, dominance/isolation abuse at Time 1 significantly predicted increases in depressive symptoms over time, and this effect was moderated by level of perceived interpersonal control in the expected direction. Implications for future research and clinical intervention/prevention efforts are discussed.     

“价值规律是一个伟大的学校”的解读

本文仅从文字表述的理解出发,对"价值规律是一个伟大的学校"的伟大之所在、知识之深奥、学业之所难、学业之所获等方面进行解读.