What is a Fair Trial? Rape Prosecutions, Disclosure and the Human Rights Act

This article engages with the vogue for predicting the effects of the Human Rights Act 1998 by focusing on the rape prosecution and trial. The specific interest is feminist scrutiny of the right to a fair trial, particularly the concept of ‘fairness’, in light of the increasing use of disclosure rules (in Canada and England) to gain access to medical and counseling records. Transcending the two contemporary narratives of ‘victims’/women’s rights and defendants’ rights in the criminal justice system, the authors argue for the infusion of the legal debate on disclosure with feminist understandings of wider cultural debates. They suggest that an increased reflexivity about intimacy, publicity and power, leading perhaps to the development of a concept of ‘democratic publicity’ (Fraser, 1997, p. 100), might help to revision the meaning of ‘relevant’ evidence in the rape trial. They also suggest that the wide-ranging cultural debate about memory, truth and history, and the emerging commitment to experimentation in responding to massive, institutionalised human rights violations (including apartheid, war crimes and child abuse) might be of use in deepening current thinking about the rape trial and listening to the ‘voice’ of the complainant. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

伦理价值观念发展中的几个关系问题

伦理价值观念及其发展的趋向、特点、规律性等问题,是人们尤其理论工作者在我国价值理论、价值哲学深入研究中比较关注的"热点"问题之一,本文拟对伦理价值观念发展中的几个关系,诸如:伦理价值观念发展与价值取向"多元性"的关系,与社会经济形态变化的关系以及与人的本质属性的关系等不同层面作一探讨分析.     

人发毛干角蛋白电泳谱型的分析

本文用SDS-梯度(5.0～17.0％)聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对150例中国人头发角蛋白组分进行了分析。结果表明,在150例人头发中,有6种不同类型的角蛋白电泳谱型。此1～6型发生频率分别为24％、12％、42％、7.3％、8.0％;及6.7％。用N-(3-芘)马来酰胺标记头发角蛋白巯基,证实人头发不同类型的角蛋白电泳谱型主要区别在低硫蛋白部位。作者认为,人头发角蛋白电泳谱型的差异可为法医学鉴定中的毛发个人识别提供重要的依据。     

论法国民法典的宪法化

《法国民法典》具有极为崇高的地位，为形成和维系大革命以来的法兰西社会提供了重要的法律基础。但20世纪80年代以来，法国宪法法院通过合宪性审查不断使民法典受到宪法规范的约束、辐射和渗透，实现了路易·法沃赫教授所说的“宪法化”。30余年的宪法化进程使民法与宪法的关系进入了一种规范语境，民法典在规范上已经受到宪法的切实约束，同时，民法典作为“真正宪典”的社会作用也逐渐被人权宣言所取代。在探讨民法与宪法的关系时，“民法典是真正宪典”这一社会学命题不应错误地扩大到规范领域，更不能不顾时代变迁，忽视宪法化的时代背景。     

浅论现代汉语多音节外来词素的单音节化

多音节词素的单音节化是外来词素在实际语言使用中的一种动态变化，它既反映了汉语词汇系统对外来词素的“汉化”，折射出了汉语社会对外来文化的认识，也体现了外来的新观念、新认识正在源源不断地影响着人们的知识体系，正在进入汉语词汇系统。多音节词素的单音节化的出现是汉语词素演变的客观规律，认识到这种现象，将会使我们更好地认识到语言的变化的本质。     

宽容是什么

本文考察宽容概念的历史演进、现代宽容的特点、宽容的成本和界限以及宽容与法理学的关系,为宽容问题的法理化提供经验和思想基础。作者认为,在某种程度上,宽容是自由和人权的前提或必要条件,宽容的法理对宪法、民商法乃至刑法等法律的变革和解释都具有一定的和积极的指导作用。     

关注刑法的人伦精神——以新刑法第310条规定的窝藏、包庇罪为视角

自古以来 ,中国社会就是一个极端注重伦常纲纪的社会 ,对亲伦关系的法律保护在中国历朝的法律规定中都有所体现。然而 ,令人遗憾的是 ,这一中华法系特有的理念在我国现行刑法的规定中却销声匿迹了。“法律不强人所难”这一古老的法律格言和刑法的“谦抑性”原则要求我们必须关注刑法的人伦精神     

人权还是知识产权:美国对华政策的一个重要转折

克林顿政府初期处于对华政策的十字路口。冷战结束,美国全面调整对外政策,把经济放到对外战略的首位,知识产权问题凸现。而对华政策背离这一主旨,把人权作为首要目标,并与最惠国待遇问题挂钩。这种矛盾决定其必然改弦更张。以经贸为立足点的接触政策的确立,使知识产权问题再次回到中美关系的中心,美国经历了对华政策的一次重要转折。     

多元价值取向背景下沉默权的探讨

沉默权在产生运用过程中曾引起很大争论,当前许多国家根据实际情况对沉默权做出相应限制。沉默权不是保障人权、拒绝强迫自证其罪和无罪推定的必然要求与合理延伸,更不是杜绝刑讯逼供的最佳武器。     

The Open Architecture of European Human Rights Law

The evolution of the European human rights regime is often described as the development of an integrated order with the European Convention of Human Rights as its governing 'constitutional instrument'. It is argued that the regime is better regarded as pluralist - characterised by a heterarchical relationship between its constituent parts that is ultimately defined politically and not legally. The emergence and workings of this pluralist order are traced through the interaction of the European Court of Human Rights with domestic courts in the European Union. These cases not only show conflicts over questions of ultimate supremacy but also significant convergence and harmony in practice. The analysis of the factors leading to this convergence indicates that central characteristics of pluralism – incrementalism and the openness of ultimate authority – have contributed significantly to the generally smooth evolution of the European human rights regime. This suggests a broader appeal of pluralist models as alternatives to constitutionalism in the construction of postnational authority and law.