Health advocacy on the margins: human rights as a tool for HIV prevention among LGBTI communities in Botswana

ABSTRACT

Human rights discourse in health advocacy is largely correlated with experiences of vulnerability, marginalisation and discrimination, with the global story of HIV activism the most visible example. In a domestic context where culture, consensus and belonging are highly valued, both human rights and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people face critiques of being foreign, un-African, new, individualistic and threatening to tradition. Why, when and how do civil society actors draw on human rights to advocate for LGBTI health in relation to HIV in Botswana? I examine this paradox through a case study of the key civil society actor in this sector. I argue that while formal structures and belief shape why the group engages with human rights, when and how human rights are invoked is shaped by perceptions of threat, cultural context, and belonging.     

班固“法自然”观初探

“法自然”现贯穿于《汉书·刑法志》全篇,是班固的法律现的核心。“法自然”观认为,法律秩序是普遍自然秩序的一个组成部分,理想的法律应效法自然而创制。对于在固“法自然”观的表现、思想基础、理论价值等问题应进行深入探讨。     

What is a Fair Trial? Rape Prosecutions, Disclosure and the Human Rights Act

This article engages with the vogue for predicting the effects of the Human Rights Act 1998 by focusing on the rape prosecution and trial. The specific interest is feminist scrutiny of the right to a fair trial, particularly the concept of ‘fairness’, in light of the increasing use of disclosure rules (in Canada and England) to gain access to medical and counseling records. Transcending the two contemporary narratives of ‘victims’/women’s rights and defendants’ rights in the criminal justice system, the authors argue for the infusion of the legal debate on disclosure with feminist understandings of wider cultural debates. They suggest that an increased reflexivity about intimacy, publicity and power, leading perhaps to the development of a concept of ‘democratic publicity’ (Fraser, 1997, p. 100), might help to revision the meaning of ‘relevant’ evidence in the rape trial. They also suggest that the wide-ranging cultural debate about memory, truth and history, and the emerging commitment to experimentation in responding to massive, institutionalised human rights violations (including apartheid, war crimes and child abuse) might be of use in deepening current thinking about the rape trial and listening to the ‘voice’ of the complainant. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

伦理价值观念发展中的几个关系问题

伦理价值观念及其发展的趋向、特点、规律性等问题,是人们尤其理论工作者在我国价值理论、价值哲学深入研究中比较关注的"热点"问题之一,本文拟对伦理价值观念发展中的几个关系,诸如:伦理价值观念发展与价值取向"多元性"的关系,与社会经济形态变化的关系以及与人的本质属性的关系等不同层面作一探讨分析.     

论法国民法典的宪法化

《法国民法典》具有极为崇高的地位，为形成和维系大革命以来的法兰西社会提供了重要的法律基础。但20世纪80年代以来，法国宪法法院通过合宪性审查不断使民法典受到宪法规范的约束、辐射和渗透，实现了路易·法沃赫教授所说的“宪法化”。30余年的宪法化进程使民法与宪法的关系进入了一种规范语境，民法典在规范上已经受到宪法的切实约束，同时，民法典作为“真正宪典”的社会作用也逐渐被人权宣言所取代。在探讨民法与宪法的关系时，“民法典是真正宪典”这一社会学命题不应错误地扩大到规范领域，更不能不顾时代变迁，忽视宪法化的时代背景。     

自然规律、机器或转换标准和可专利方法——评美国联邦最高法院Mayov．Prometheus案的判决

美国联邦最高法院就Mayov．Prometheus案所做的判决认为，涉案的治疗疾病的医疗方法仅描述了一项自然规律而判决该专利无效。重新考量了“机器或转换”测试标准给可专利方法的审查带来的挑战。由于保护对象的广阔。很难找到一种可以一劳永逸地解决可专利客体范围的测试标准。从权利要求的撰写、基础科学的研发激励等角度分析了Mayo案判决产生的影响以及启示。     

《老子》“无为”论探本

“为”始初的含义是指个人在做事时的意向、动机，以及因而产生的支配行为的目的。《老子》论证了“无为”与“道”、“自然”的密切关联，从中可知“无为”并不是字面意思上的无所事事，而是既有所肯定，又有所否定的结合体，主要是指顺自然而为、不妄为，天地万物都依“道”而为，没有多余的人为因素加入。而“有为”则是以“正言若反”的方式出现，是《老子》“无为”思想展开的一个环节。     

宽容是什么

本文考察宽容概念的历史演进、现代宽容的特点、宽容的成本和界限以及宽容与法理学的关系,为宽容问题的法理化提供经验和思想基础。作者认为,在某种程度上,宽容是自由和人权的前提或必要条件,宽容的法理对宪法、民商法乃至刑法等法律的变革和解释都具有一定的和积极的指导作用。     

关注刑法的人伦精神——以新刑法第310条规定的窝藏、包庇罪为视角

自古以来 ,中国社会就是一个极端注重伦常纲纪的社会 ,对亲伦关系的法律保护在中国历朝的法律规定中都有所体现。然而 ,令人遗憾的是 ,这一中华法系特有的理念在我国现行刑法的规定中却销声匿迹了。“法律不强人所难”这一古老的法律格言和刑法的“谦抑性”原则要求我们必须关注刑法的人伦精神     

人权还是知识产权:美国对华政策的一个重要转折

克林顿政府初期处于对华政策的十字路口。冷战结束,美国全面调整对外政策,把经济放到对外战略的首位,知识产权问题凸现。而对华政策背离这一主旨,把人权作为首要目标,并与最惠国待遇问题挂钩。这种矛盾决定其必然改弦更张。以经贸为立足点的接触政策的确立,使知识产权问题再次回到中美关系的中心,美国经历了对华政策的一次重要转折。