Social Democracy's Muted Revival

After a long malaise, social democracy is making a muted revival. What is the place of social democracy in the political and economic order that is emerging from the Covid-19 pandemic, and the economic crisis that has followed in its wake? Patterns have begun to emerge across the party family that are indicative of how social democracy is defining itself for the period to come. This article briefly surveys the revival of social democracy in three countries that have been historic bastions of the creed: Germany, Britain and Australia. It considers three particularly potent trends in this social democratic moment that reveal the movement's current character and the challenges it faces: building an ongoing coalition amid changing electorates; seeking transformation in an era of constraint; and a lack of ideological coherence. It considers what this muted resurgence suggests about the prospects for the centre-left.     

New Labour in Power: Five Problems of Contemporary History

The history of New Labour is highly politicised, deployed either for its policy lessons (good or bad) or as a weapon in Labour's factional struggles. But, just as historians in the 1990s reassessed the premierships of Harold Wilson and James Callaghan, so the distance of time and the opening of archives offers an opportunity to reappraise New Labour as history. Such work raises five methodological challenges: the lack of sufficient distance from the subject to tell whether policy innovations will remain popular and permanent; the long shadow the Iraq war casts over this whole period; the deluge of data and sources available; the continuing and controversial part that key actors, such as Tony Blair, are still playing; and the lack of expertise any one author will inevitably face in some policy areas. This article addresses each of those difficulties in turn.     

对当前国际警务合作方式的探讨

国际警务合作是跨国界的执法活动,一国警察可以跨越国境在另一国行使侦查权。我国应　　在国际刑警组织的框架内开展国际警务合作,运用国际侦查协作、刑事司法协助等警务合作方式与有关　　国家开展合作。     

关于东北亚国际航运中心竞争策略

研究国际航运中心的发展历史,从中发现它的发展变化规律,对于我们正确认识现代国际航运中心的本质特征有着十分重要的意义。目前青岛、天津、大连在认定国际航运中心竞争对手问题上就需要调整思路,从长期考虑,在竞争中如何处理这三个大港,以及各自临近较小港口的发展关系问题。根据国际经验,港口联盟是一个很好的合作途径。为应对船舶大型化及航运公司的全球联盟,并避免港口之间对同一腹地的过度竞争而导致设施过剩,世界上许多港口都实行了战略联盟、兼并等多种合作。     

吉林省参与图们江区域国际合作开发的问题与对策

以多国合作为特征的图们江区域经济合作开发项目近几年有了实质性的进展,各成员国加强了务实开发的力度。中朝“路港区”工程、中俄“路港关”工程、中蒙“两山”工程等开始启动,并有了一个较好的开端。但对于吉林省来讲,当前又遇到了对外通道未能真正顺利打开、跨国边境经济合作区没有形成完整的互动机制、市场贸易主体也未得到真正确立等问题。为此应加快推进图们江区域国际经济合作。     

Globalization and regulatory change: The interplay of laws and technologies in E-commerce in Southeast Asia

Electronic commerce has brought about business and technological changes globally, and these global changes have given rise to major legal reforms across nations. In the fast-changing global digital economy, states need strategies to maintain competitiveness of their markets while simultaneously ensuring the secure and effective use of technologies involved in conducting electronic transactions. This paper examines how the use and recognition of electronic signatures are regulated in Southeast Asia – the region that has shown the most significant growth in global e-commerce in past few years. Based on a comparative analysis of the laws of four representative ASEAN member states – namely Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam, this paper argues that there is a regional trend towards adopting more liberal and technology-neutral standards for electronic signatures. Electronic signature regulation in Southeast Asia is now built upon limited technological neutrality (or the so-called “two-tiered” approach) as a shared regulatory understanding, but this approach is operationalized differently in each state due to distinctive national contexts. Within the common legal framework, each state has developed its own system of control and management with respect to higher-level signatures (using advanced technologies). The principle of technological neutrality, a concept originally developed for the regulation of technologies in response to the liberalization of telecommunications market, has been the central theme of discussions on the e-transactions policy-making scene. As the author shows, in the process through which states localize the global standards of technological neutrality, ASEAN as a vehicle of regulatory change has played an essential role in translating this principle to the national context.     

Autonomous weapon system: Law of armed conflict (LOAC) and other legal challenges

The legality of autonomous weapon systems (AWS) under international law is a swiftly growing issue of importance as technology advances and machines acquire the capacity to operate without human control. This paper argues that the existing laws are ineffective and that a different set of laws are needed. This paper examines several issues that are critical for the development and use of AWS in warfare. It argues that a preemptive ban on AWS is irrelevant at this point and urges the appropriate authorities to develop a modern legal framework that is tailored to embrace these state-of-the-art weapons as the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) develops. First, this paper explores the myriad of laws designed to govern the potential future development and deployment of artificial intelligence and AWS in the context of International Humanitarian Law or LAOC. Second, the paper argues that it will be challenging for AWS to fulfill the requirements laid out under the International Committee of the Red Cross and LOAC for the rules of humanity, military necessity, distinction, proportionality and precaution, especially as it is related to noncombatants. Third, the paper discusses command responsibility and argues that states should establish accountability for wrongful acts committed by the AWS. Finally, this paper contends that there is an urgent need for a new legal framework to regulate these AWS and presents different solutions for the legal framework of AWS.     

我国国际民事程序法"国家本位"秩序价值初探

在目的价值定位方面,我国国际民事程序法存在着"国家本位"秩序观倾向.秩序总是必要的,更具根本性的,但秩序的类型亦是可以多元的.在中外民商法律秩序形成过程中,我国的国际民事程序法除必须体现国家意志之外,理应涵纳更多的当事人自主意思以及国际本位理念的成分,这也是修订我国民事诉讼法、仲裁法等程序法律时所要考虑的一个基本层面.     

论我国民法典应当采纳反致和转致制度

反致是国际私法上一项特有的制度。一个多世纪以来 ,各国学者对它争论不休 ,莫衷一是 ,但这并不妨碍各国实践普遍采纳这一制度。究其原因 ,乃是反致制度有利于公正合理地解决国际民事纠纷 ,符合国家的利益 ,符合国际私法的宗旨和本质。虽然其也受到现代冲突法革命的冲击和挑战 ,但在各国国际私法趋于一致之前 ,仍然有其存在的价值。我国未来的民法典 (涉外篇 )应该采纳反致和转致制度 ,并适当扩大反致制度的适用范围 ,但应以必要和不造成无限循环为限。     

美国《1998年国际宗教自由法》及对中美关系的影响评析

<1998年国际宗教自由法>(以下简称IRFA)是由美国保守派推动制订的一部具有域外效力的美国国内法.由于该法所包含的双重标准以及该法在推行过程中必然会产生的诸多问题,该法实施以来"产生"的域外效力十分有限,未对中美关系造成直接影响.但在美国社会不断保守化的背景下,IRFA对中美关系的间接和负面影响不容小视.针对美国国务院每年发布的<国际宗教自由年度报告>中对中国宗教自由状况的歪曲,中国政府予以外交上的坚决谴责是必须的,但从根本上说,在宗教领域奉行接触政策,勿视美国为敌,怀柔美国应是当前我国韬光养晦外交的较佳选择.