Medical Practice in Early Colonial Spanish America: A Prospectus

This paper outlines the current state of research on medical practice in early colonial Spanish America. It argues that medical practice in Spain was more diverse than generally supposed, and that this complicated the exchange that occurred between Native American, African and European medical traditions in the Americas. Control of medical practice in Spanish America was exercised not through the establishment of state institutions, but through the close working of the state and the Church that on the one hand promoted medical care as a charitable activity and on the other sought to suppress practices that were incompatible with Catholic beliefs. However, due to the shortage of trained medical practitioners, the authorities were relatively tolerant of alternative medical practices and this enabled a process of exchange and fusion. The paper illustrates these processes with respect to medical practice in Cartagena de Indias in the early seventeenth century. It concludes with suggestions of avenues for future research.     

依附论视野中的拉美区域主义

拉丁美洲地区是区域主义发展较为典型的地区。依附论是一种主要由拉美学者发展起来的研究发展中国家如何在世界经济体系中实现自身发展的经济学理论。拉美区域主义从兴起到衰落,从衰落到再度勃兴,都受到不同形态的依附理论的深刻影响。依附论的历史演进和拉美区域主义的发展变化密切相关,依附论的警示在某种程度上揭示了拉美新区域主义存在的问题和面临的挑战。     

浅析20世纪初美国与日本东北之争失利的原因

1904～1905年的日俄战争之后,美国和日本成为争夺中国东北的主角,双方在各个方面都进行了角逐。在这场竞争中,美国不敌日本而败下阵来。美国的失利是其对自身远东实力不足的主动选择,是这一时期美国在东北的经济和战略利益没有重要到必须与日本兵戈相见地步的结果,也包含着政治家个人的考虑和对美国不利的外部环境的作用。     

Capacity building: who builds whose capacity?

This article focuses on the role that development NGOs play in capacity building, arguing that many conventional NGO practices are ultimately about retaining power, rather than empowering their partners. This leads to tunnel vision and to upward rather than downward or horizontal accountability, based on the assumption that the transfer of resources is a one-way process. At worst, this undermines rather than strengthens the capacities of the organisations that NGOs are attempting to assist. Sharing responsibilities and risks, mutual accountability, and committing to the long term rather than to short-term projects are more likely to create partnerships that can withstand vicissitudes and contribute to lasting change.     

恐怖主义即是战争：军事历史上的教训

恐怖主义是战争的一种形式,只有动用武装力量才能将其彻底铲除。恐怖活动作为一种军事战术,其目的是杀死敌方战士,降低公民的道德标准。为了打击恐怖主义,美国武装力量应对支持全球恐怖主义国家的军事盟友实施攻击,主要针对军事目标,不能伤及平民。美国武装力量也可以采用小股部队突袭的方式,深入敌方国家,对敌方领导人实施抓捕或处死。     

Y chromosome STR haplotypes and allele frequencies in Illinois Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic males

POPULATION: Population: Illinois Caucasian ( n =117), Illinois African American ( n =218), and Illinois Hispanic ( n =68).     

Strong life sciences in innovative weak contexts: a “developmental” approach to a tantalizing mismatch

Life sciences are the best developed area of academic research throughout Latin America. Biomedical research has been particularly successful. However, generally speaking, excellence in research has not been accompanied by commercially successful innovations, a pattern that differs from what has happened in many highly industrialized countries, even small ones. The paper explores some causes of such disappointing outcome, stressing in particular the historical lack of political and social legitimacy exhibited by innovation policies in underdevelopment. From a developmental point of view it is of great importance the building of such legitimacy. One way of doing so is to link more tightly innovation policies to social concerns; bio-innovation is suggested as a productive path towards that aim.

关于美国法学职业教育的思考

经过长时间的发展,美国的法学教育走在世界前列.美国的法学教育是大学本科教育后的职业教育,课程设置灵活,充分反映了职业性特点,教学方法也日益完善以利于学生顺利毕业和满足司法实践的需要.     

当前美国网络空间战略变化对我国家安全的影响及思考

当今美国网络空间战略在全方位维护国家网络安全的基础上,更注重积极抢占国际网络空间控制权。以新媒体为代表的＂网络外交＂成为美国实现政治目标的新手段。美国企图以＂互联网自由＂为旗帜,为其主导网络空间鸣锣开道。由于美国在相当程度上掌握着网络技术的制高点,控制着网络的连接权、话语权,因此在网络空间具有先天优势。当前,在对华网络战略方面,美国也已经由单纯的＂网络渗透＂转向利用网络空间的主导权和垄断网络资源的优势,对中国进行全方位的网络＂侵略＂、颠覆和破坏,给中国维护国家安全带来前所未有的冲击和挑战,中国应高度重视美国网络空间战略的动向和变化,妥谋对策。     

Extreme poverty alleviation through community-based entrepreneurship: PRODECO in Paraguay

Community-based entrepreneurship projects have been advocated as a potential approach to alleviate extreme poverty as they provide opportunities for income generation and capacity enhancement. This practical note provides an overview of the PRODECO project undertaken jointly by the Paraguayan government and the World Bank (1999–2008) in three southern departments of Paraguay (Itapúa, Misiones, and Ñeembucú). It describes and analyses the context, scope, operations, and results of this project, and identifies five main lessons related to frequent challenges faced by this approach; on size, access to skills, distance from government agencies, pace, and technology.