当前中国有组织犯罪的现状、特点、类型和发展趋势

本文根据对1997年至2010年4月间一审判决的327个黑社会性质组织案件的定量分析,并通过对吉林省、重庆市、河南省和贵州省黑恶势力犯罪的典型调查,对当前中国有组织犯罪的现状、特点、类型以及发展趋势进行了研究。研究发现,当前中国有组织犯罪活动处于活跃期,危害严重,呈现出分布广泛、结构严密、活动多样、势力范围以区县为主、暴力性突出、对政治和经济渗透明显等特点,并出现了结构松散、组织者领导者幕后化、成员临时化、暴力手段软化等新的发展趋势。     

The Relationship Between Gambling Severity and Risk of Criminal Recidivism

Individuals involved with the criminal justice system have the highest prevalence of gambling disorder. Yet, this is an understudied area, especially in relation to postrelease functioning and recidivism risk. Participants (N = 100) were recruited from a local nonprofit organization and a federal probation office. Participants completed both self‐report and interviewer‐administered questionnaires assessing past‐year and lifetime gambling behaviors and problems, legal history, health, and risk of recidivism. Past‐year (8%) and lifetime (18%) rates of gambling disorder among the current sample are significantly greater than those of the general population and similar to rates found in incarcerated populations. Furthermore, 13% of individuals reported a direct relationship between their gambling and crime, and analyses revealed that increased gambling severity was a significant predictor of increased recidivism risk. Results suggest the need for screening and intervention efforts and call for policy reform among incarcerated and ex‐offender populations.     

民法典合同编立法问题刍议

应整体考察合同编"室内稿",在充分认识其开创性成绩的同时,指出在法学方法及法政策方面可继续努力的方向。在具体制度上,既有欠缺书面形式、债务暂时无力偿还、合同保全、因第三人原因所致违约等等老问题,也有合同订立前单方允诺、网络订单、网购快递交付、"中介合同"等新问题,还有出租房屋优先购买权、建设工程施工合同无效等汲取司法解释经验入典带来的体系衔接问题,均需慎思。解约法等高难度的基础领域在法典编纂中,也不应错失反思、重构的契机。     

The Griffiths Question Map: A Forensic Tool For Expert Witnesses’ Assessments of Witnesses and Victims’ Statements

Expert witnesses are sometimes asked to assess the reliability of young witnesses and victims’ statements because of their high susceptibility to memory biases. This technical note aims to highlight the relevance of the Griffiths Question Map (GQM) as a professional forensic tool to improve expert witnesses’ assessments of young witnesses and victims’ testimonies. To do so, this innovative question type assessment grid was used to proceed to an in‐depth analysis of the interview of an alleged 13‐year‐old victim of a sexual assault and two rapes. Overall, the GQM stressed how the interview was mainly conducted in an inappropriate manner. The results are examined with regard to scientific knowledge on young witnesses and victims’ memory. Finally, it is argued that expert witnesses in inquisitorial systems might use the GQM while encountering difficulties to fulfill the legal standards for expert evidence in adversarial systems because of the lack of studies regarding its reliability.     

Forensic Case Reports Presenting Immersion Pulmonary Edema as a Differential Diagnosis in Fatal Diving Accidents

Immersion Pulmonary Edema (IPE) reduces the transport of gases over the respiratory membrane due to edema in the interstitium and respiratory zones. IPE has previously been described in both swimmers and divers, with a few known fatal cases. We have reviewed 42 SCUBA and snorkeling‐related drowning deaths, and through a thorough analysis of each case, including both diving physiology and forensic pathology, we present IPE as a differential diagnosis to drowning in four cases. Our findings propose that; absence of watery content in the stomach and conducting airways, and liquid filled lungs without hyperexpansion, may be compatible with IPE. We suggest that IPE should be considered in cases where witness testimony reveals; no obvious signs of aspiration and rapid respiratory deterioration despite continuous breathing through an appropriate air source. The diagnosis should be based on the overall impression, including both the autopsy findings and the circumstances regarding the accident.     

Limitations on the ability to negotiate justice: attorney perspectives on guilt,innocence, and legal advice in the current plea system

In the American criminal justice system the vast majority of criminal convictions occur as the result of guilty pleas, often made as a result of plea bargains, rather than jury trials. The incentives offered in exchange for guilty pleas mean that both innocent and guilty defendants plead guilty. We investigate the role of attorneys in this context, through interviews with criminal defense attorneys. We examine defense attorney perspectives on the extent to which innocent defendants are (and should be) pleading guilty in the current legal framework and investigate their views of their own role in this complex system. We also use a hypothetical case to probe the ways in which defense attorneys consider guilt or innocence when providing advice on pleas. Results indicate that attorney advice is influenced by guilt or innocence, but also that attorneys are limited in the extent to which they can negotiate justice for their clients in a system in which uncertainty and large discrepancies between outcomes of guilty pleas and conviction at trial can make it a sensible option to plead guilty even when innocent. Results also suggest conflicting opinions over the role of the attorney in the plea-bargaining process.     

侦查学研究现状评析--《侦查论坛》1-3卷论文引证情况和研究方法之分析

对三卷《侦查论坛》所刊载的三年全国侦查学术会议的参会论文的引证资料和侦查学研究群体的研究方法的分析,可以发现当前侦查学理论研究中存在着过于关注价值论意义上的形而上的理论问题,忽视认识论上的形而下的侦查实践问题研究的倾向。侦查学研究群体在知识结构上存在着对自然科学知识的欠缺,在研究方法上过多的依赖于理性思辨而缺乏实证性调查研究。侦查学理论研究之于侦查实践的意义, 就在于能够为实践提供指导,特别是能够为侦查实践部门如何提高侦查能力带来帮助。     

指导新世纪党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争的思想武器 --学习江泽民党风廉政建设思想的体会

党的十三届四中全会以来,江泽民同志就党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争的指导思想、内容、重点、基本方针、原则以及方法步骤等,作了一系列论述,丰富和完善了我们党的党风廉政建设理论,为我们贯彻党中央的决策,正确开展党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争,提供了强大的思想武器.     

加强学习提高素质永葆共产党员先进性

作者认为,加强学习提高素质,掌握本领,是共产党员保持先进性的重要前提.文章从自觉学习、加强学习、善于学习以及学以致用四个方面展开观点.作者认为共产党人要始终站在时代的前列,不学习不行;要保证不偏离理想信念的目标航线,不学习不成;要真正使人民群众看我们象党员、认我们是先进、跟我们有信心,不学习不成;不管在什么岗位、什么环境党员能够随时敢说向我看齐,不学习不成.一言以蔽之,保持共产党员先进性,不学习不成.文章最后提出了从事教育工作的党员应有"一切为了学生,为了学生的一切"的先进性标准要求.